tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23141752188991041692024-03-12T17:12:58.178-07:00Jon E. Royeca"Maligayang pagdating po sa aking blog. Salamat po sa pagdalaw."Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-88301865904458674962019-04-20T22:18:00.000-07:002019-04-20T22:50:29.670-07:00Crab Mentality Is Universal
<i>Crab mentality</i> is a human habit similar to what crabs do when put in a basket. If the basket is left with no heavy cover, the crabs inside it will all have gotten out fast in less than an hour. If the basket is weak, they go to one side and cause it to fall toward it, thus freeing them all. If the basket is designed against their escape, they cannot all go out.
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They all try to get out of where they are, and in that process pull each other down, whether they succeed in getting out or not. For them, pulling down or stepping on others is a fact of their existence. It is natural for them in the quest for success or when confronting failure.
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Crab mentality is also part of humanity. It simply is <i>envy</i>. (Crabs do not envy one another; they just want to be free.)
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Humans envy and try to outdo each other because of selfishness and greed, but not all the time. When one envies somebody, one of his natural reactions is to knock him down, but this does not always happen. Each one of us may envy, yet we do not always pull others down. We usually just keep to ourselves those envious feelings and then let them go away.
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Crab mentality is a universal attitude happening in every corner of the world. Localizing this attitude in only one country proves the narrow-mindedness of people doing it. Their minds are that narrow because they can conclude only from what they see around them, and they can no longer think beyond that.
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<b>British crab mentality</b>
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In its issue on November 20, 1960, London’s <i>The Observer</i> reported a survey made in Woodford, a middle-class London suburb, which revealed the timeless neighborhood competition (cited in Herbert W. Armstrong, <i>The Seven Laws of Success</i>, Pasadena: Wordwide Church of God, 1961, pp. 12-14).
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Woodford residents were leading ideal, happy, and prosperous lives. Many were members of civic, cultural, and sports organizations.
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Yet, the survey said, one husband complained that as soon as their next-door neighbor knew that they got a washing machine, that neighbor got one, too. Then a few months later, he bought a fridge, and their neighbor also purchased the same appliance.
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One housewife got irritated because her neighbor bought a refrigerator after she did. She added that her neighbor always worried if they had anything new. “When she got a fridge, she made a great fuss of showing that she could make ice-bricks too,” she wailed.
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One woman said that because their neighbor had recently bought a new car, she and her husband were also thinking of buying a better one. “That’ll be a knock in the eye for them!” she thundered. The said survey found out that cars were the constant barometers of neighborhood rivalry.
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Those were crab mentality practices—imitating or outstripping neighbors. They happened in Great Britain, one of the richest and most celebrated countries in the world.
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<b>American crab mentality</b>
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The story between figure skaters Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding is a classic example of American crab mentality. The two Americans were scheduled to compete in one same event at the 19th Winter Olympic Games in February 1994 in Norway.
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Weeks before the Games, Harding commissioned her former husband, Jeff Gillooly, to attack Kerrigan’s feet with a pipe so that Kerrigan would not be able to compete and it would be easier for Harding to win the gold medal in the women’s individual figure skating event.
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On January 6, 1994, Kerrigan was clubbed above the right knee. Although Gillooly and his hired attackers were already charged in court, Kerrigan and Harding still managed to practice in their training venue but under tight security.
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The incident affected both of them. Instead of making a 1-2 finish for their country, a Ukrainian won the gold medal. Kerrigan bagged the silver; Harding finished eighth.
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Gillooly later confessed in court that his former wife was behind the attack. In a plea bargain, Harding admitted guilt to avoid imprisonment. She was fined, ordered to do community service, and was banned for life in sports.
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Tonya hired her former husband to hit her fellow American competitor’s feet so that she could be the best—that was a terrible crab mentality act.
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Before competing for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, American sprinter Gail Devers underwent treatments for her feet, which were then suffering from Graves’ disease. Her feet could have been amputated had they not been cured earlier.
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At the Barcelona Games, she won the gold medal in the women’s 100-meter run; but right after the race, a fellow American athlete, Gwen Torrence, who also competed and finished fourth in the same event, charged that two of the three medal winners had used illegal performance-enhancing drugs (<i>AP</i>, August 2, 1992).
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The three medal winners denied the accusation. An American making a serious accusation against her fellow American who got what she did not was an act of putting down the one on top. This crab mentality practice was done while they were abroad.
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During the Barcelona Games also, the high-profile U.S. basketball “Dream Team” was criticized by the most prestigious daily newspaper in the United States, <i>The New York Times</i>.
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Instead of praising the impressive performances of Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, and other players, the newspaper in its editorial on August 1, 1992, rather scored them for elbowing, ganging up, and giving pierce looks to their opponents. It called them “a boorish pack of prima donnas” and also criticized them for staying in expensive hotels and not at the Olympic Village, saying that it was a sign of overblown self-esteem (<i>UPI</i>, August 5, 1992).
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Bill Clinton was already on top—reelected for one more term (1996-2000) as president of the United States, yet his enemies still kept searching for things that could demolish him.
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On December 18, 1998, his enemies in Congress impeached him for lying in a special court which investigated him of sexual misconduct. His illicit sexual practices inside the White House, the presidential residence, with many women were unearthed.
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One of those women was Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern, who testified that she and Clinton got involved in intimate acts. This scandal made headlines around the world and put America in funny conversations; however, Clinton’s adversaries still kept pulling him down. Clinton prevailed in the end by winning in the Senate the impeachment case slapped against him.
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Racism is the worst form of American crab mentality. Since white is the dominant race in the U.S., if one is not white there, he is an outcast, relegated as a lower-class citizen.
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Prejudices in U.S. communities, schools, careers, opportunities, and places of work are common and centuries-old. Many blacks and other non-whites are picked on or bullied in white-dominated schools. Non-white professionals, even if they have excellent qualifications, do not get the same treatment, breaks, and benefits the whites do. There are many Christian churches where non-whites cannot enter and worship God. Those churches’ doors warn: “Excuse me! Whites only!”
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<b>Irish crab mentality</b>
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When the all-male Irish singing group <i>Boyzone </i>first interpreted in the mid-1990’s their revived versions of the songs “Words” and “Father,” many of their countrymen threw bottles at them, hating and calling them copycats. But they did not mind them and just went on singing until their popularity surged worldwide.
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<b>Japanese crab mentality
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Mitsuko Yamada, a 35-year-old housewife, strangled to death her two-year-old neighbor Haruna Wakayama in a public toilet and traveled 200 kilometers from Tokyo by train to bury the body in her (Yamada’s) mother’s backyard. Yamada later surrendered to the police after having been convinced by her husband to do so.
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The reason: Haruna passed the entrance test to an exclusive kindergarten school, while Yamada’s two-year-old daughter did not. The Yamadas and Wakayamas were rival neighbors, and too much envy forced Yamada kill the poor little child (<i>AFP</i>, November 27, 1999).
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This tragedy, which gossip television shows in Japan made a feast of, would seem incredible to misled individuals who sincerely believe that the Japanese are so honest, gentle, and kind that they would never harm even an ant.
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<b>Chinese crab mentality
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Two Chinese-born medical practitioners were supposed to win the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1999, but the Chinese national government appealed to the Nobel Prize Committee, charging that the two U.S.-based doctors were subversives and traitors to the Chinese nation. The prize was rather given to a German-American, Günter Blobel.
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The Nobel is the world’s most coveted prize in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, and the promotion of peace. Dozens of nations, especially those in the Far East, have been dreaming to win at least one. It was already China’s golden chance to win this prize for the very first time then, yet its very own government pulled down two of its citizens.
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<b>Singaporean crab mentality</b>
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In 1997, when Singaporean Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong unveiled his plan of making the National University of Singapore the <i>Harvard of the Far East</i>, it was criticized by a number of Singaporeans for allegedly being too arrogant and ambitious—the university was not even Asia’s most outstanding college institution (China’s and Japan’s universities were). Instead of supporting that Singaporean plan, Singaporean eyebrows were rather raised.
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<b>Origins of crab mentality idea</b>
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It was Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), one of the most well-known and influential leaders of Vedanta and Yoga, who claimed that jealousy was the common or national sin of India. He observed that because of envy, Indians tended to fight one another and pull down those aspiring for the higher ladder, even if it would mean all of them being knocked down.
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This wrong belief has lead to the term “crab mentality,” and it has gained a firm acceptance among the Indian people: They could not attain progress because they always try to pull others down.
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The term has also reached other countries and has brainwashed the thinking of the peoples of those countries.
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Crab mentality is not the cause of underdevelopment. If it were, then the rich nations that also have it must also be poor by now.
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For lack of space and resources, it cannot be proven here the crab mentality acts in the more than 200 nations, but the presented facts are enough evidence that they happen anywhere.
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Crab mentality is a fact of life and a universal attitude. It happens in every country, but not as a coordinated national activity. Only the few envious ones commit it.
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-80165829617643900652016-02-29T06:48:00.000-08:002016-03-07T01:20:44.623-08:00Ang Unang Himagsikang Lakas ng Bayan<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ANG
unang Himagsikang Lakas ng Bayan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">People
Power Revolution</i>) ang isa sa mga pinakadakilang pangyayari sa kasaysayan ng
Pilipinas. Ito ang himagsikan na tumapos sa 20-taóng pamumunò ni Pang.
Ferdinand Marcos at nagluklok kay Corazon “Cory” Aquino bílang ang ika-11 at
unang babaeng pangulo ng bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Naganap ang himagsikang ito noong ika-22
hanggang 25 ng Pebrero 1986 sa isang bahagi ng Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
(EDSA), ang pinakamahabang daan sa Kamaynilaan. Ang bahaging iyon ng EDSA ay
ang nása pagitan ng Kampo Aguinaldo at Kampo Crame sa Lungsod ng Quezon. Dahil
pangunahing naganap sa EDSA, ang himagsikang ito ay tinatawag ding<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Himagsikan sa EDSA (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EDSA</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revolution</i>).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
Kampo Aguinaldo ang kinalalagyan ng tanggapan ng noo’y Ministri ng Tanggulang
Pambansa at ng punòng himpilan ng Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Armed Forces of the</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines</i> (AFP). Ang katabing Kampo Crame ang punòng himpilan
naman ng Konstabularya ng Pilipinas/Integradong Pulisyang Pambansa o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine Constabulary/Intergated National</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Police</i> (PC/INP), na ngayo’y Pulisyang
Pambansa ng Pilipinas o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine
National Police</i> (PNP) na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Makulay
at kakaba-kaba ang himagsikang ito, dahil, una, ang mga pangyayari ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live</i> na napapanood sa telebisyon at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live</i> ding napakikinggan sa radyo. At
ikalawa, ang mga pangunahing tauhan nito ay ang mga lider ng bansa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ferdinand Marcos</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, ang pangulo ng
Pilipinas;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Corazon “Cory”
Aquino</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang nakalaban ni Marcos sa pagkapangulo sa biglaang halalan noong ika-7 ng
Pebrero 1986;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Juan Ponce
Enrile</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang Ministro ng Tanggulang Pambansa;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hen. Fabian C.
Ver</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang hepe ng AFP;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ten. Hen. Fidel
V. Ramos</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang ikalawang hepe ng AFP at ang hepe ng PC/INP;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Brig. Hen.
Artemio Tadiar</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang hepe ng Hukbong Kawal Pandagat ng Pilipinas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marines</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jaime Cardinal
Sin</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
ang Arsobispo ng Maynila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si Ferdinand
Marcos<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Marcos ay nahalal bílang ang ika-10 pangulo ng bansa noong Nobyembre 1965.
Nagsimula siyang manungkulan noong ika-30 ng Disyembre 1965. Muli siyang nagwagi
ng isa pang termino sa pagkapangulo sa halalan noong Nobyembre 1969.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
ikalawang terminong iyon ang hulí nang termino ni Marcos. Hindi na siya
maaaring mahalal sa ikatlong termino, dahil ayon sa Saligang Batas ng 1935, ang
isang tao ay maaaring manungkulan bílang pangulo nang hanggang dalawang termino
lámang. Ang susunod na halalang pampanguluhan ay nakatakda sa Nobyembre 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
simula ng ikalawang termino ni Marcos, nása bingit na raw ng kapahamakan ang
kapayapaan, kaayusan, at demokrasya ng bansa. Tumataas ang mga halaga ng
petrolyo at mga pangunahing bilihin, marami ang nawawalan ng trabaho, at
umiigting ang banta ng komunismo. Anumang oras ay maaaring patalsikin na raw ng
mga komunista ang pamahalaan ng bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masigabo
rin ang panawagan noon na palitan na ang Saligang Batas ng 1935, dahil hindi na
raw ito makatugon sa mga suliraning kinakaharap ng bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sinamantala
ni Marcos ang panawagang iyon. Inudyukan niya ang Kongreso na magbalangkas ng
isang batas para roon. Naitatag nga ang isang Kumbensiyong Konstitusyunal na,
mula unang araw ng Hunyo 1971 hanggang ika-30 ng Nobyembre 1972, ay sumulat ng
isang bágong konstitusyon ng bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Samantala,
malala na raw ang banta ng komunismo. Ang pananambang sa kotse ni Min. Enrile
noong gabi ng ika-21 ng Setyembre 1972 ang siyang nagtulak daw kay Marcos na
lagdaan na nang gabi ring iyon ang Proklamasyon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Blg. 1081, na naglalagay sa buong bansa sa ilalim ng batas militar.
Hindi sakay si Enrile sa kanyang kotse nang maganap ang pagtatangkang iyon sa
kanyang búhay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
ilalim ng Saligang Batas ng 1935, malakas ang kapangyarihan ng pangulo: kayâ,
nagawa ni Marcos na ipasara ang Kongreso, kubkubin ang mga pahayagan at mga
himpilan ng radyo at telebisyon, at ipakulong ang lahat ng mga sumasalungat sa
kanya—mga politiko, peryodista, manunulat, propesor, kabataan, manggagawa,
pari, madre, at iba pa. Umabot sa 10,000 tao ang nawala at hindi na muling
nakita pa sa buong panahon ng batas militar (1972-81).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Saligang
Batas ng 1973<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
ika-17 ng Enero 1973, iprinoklama ni Marcos na nagkabisa at epektibo na ang
bágong Saligang Batas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
ilalim ng dáting Saligang Batas ng 1935, ang sistema ng pamahalaan ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">presidensiyal</i>, kung saan ang pangulo ang
siyang punò ng bansa, punòng ehekutibo ng pamahalaan, at punòng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komandante ng sandatahang lakas, at
inihahalal siya ng mga botanteng táong-bayan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
ilalim ng bágong Saligang Batas ng 1973, ang sistema ng pamahalaan ay ginawa
nang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parlamentaryo</i>, kung saan ang
pangulo ang siya pa ring punò ng bansa, subalit wala siyang kapangyarihan,
dahil ang punòng ministro ang siyang punòng ehekutibo ng pamahalaan at ang
punòng komandante ng sandatahang lakas. At ang pangulo at punòng ministro ay
inihahalal hindi ng táong-bayan kundi ng mga kasapi ng Batasang Pambansa, ang
pinaka-Kongreso.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
parehong saligang batas, ang may kapangyarihang magbalangkas o kumatha ng mga
batas ng bansa ay ang Kongreso o Batasang Pambansa, hindi ang pangulo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maganda
sana ang Saligang Batas ng 1973, dahil layunin nito na ireporma ang mga sistemang
pampolitika, panlipunan, at pangkabuhayan ng bansa. Subalit ano ang ginawa ni
Marcos? Ginamit niya ito upang mapalawig ang kanyang pananatili sa puwesto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bago
ito tuluyang maipatupad, pinasusugan muna ito ni Marcos. Noong Oktubre 1976,
matápos ratipikahan ng mga botante ang siyam na pagsususog dito, lumabas na ang
pangulo ay siya na rin ang punòng ministro—iisang tao na lámang sa halip na
dalawa, at ang pangulo ay makagagawa na rin ng mga batas—sa halip na ang
Batasang Pambansa lámang ang makagagawa ng gayon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganid<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naglaho
ang orihinal na bersiyon ng Saligang Batas ng 1973, dahil si Marcos ay hindi
lámang pangulo kundi punòng ministro rin, at tagabalangkas pa ng mga batas ng
bansa! Naging diktadurya na ang pamumuno niya, dahil anuman ang kanyang naisin
o idekta ay dapat masunod.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gayon
na lámang ang pagkaganid niya sa kapangyarihan, dahil ang maybahay niyang si
Imelda ay kanyang hinirang bílang Gobernadora ng Kalakhang Maynila nang itatag
iyon noong 1976, pinatakbo para sa Batasang Pambansa noong 1978, ginawang
kasapi ng Gabinete dahil hinirang niya itong ministro ng pabahay, at
itinalagang tagapangasiwa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chairperson</i>)
ng iba’t ibang ahensiya ng pamahalaan at mga korporasyong pag-aari at
kontrolado ng pamahalaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
mga korporasyong pag-aari ng mga kamag-anak at kaibigan nila ay nagsiutang sa
mga dayuhang bangko, at ginawang tagabayad ang pamahalaan. Nang maging pangulo
si Marcos noong 1965, ang utang sa mga dayuhan ng Pilipinas ay US$599 milyon
lámang. Lumubo ito sa US$2.9 bilyon noong 1970, US$24.7 noong 1982, at US$26.4
bilyon noong 1985.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inilublob
nina Marcos sa utang ang bansa. Hanggang ngayon, ang mga inutang ni Marcos at
ng kanilang mga kamag-anak at kaibigan ay binabayaran pa rin ng pamahalaan sa
pamamagitan ng mga buwis na kinakaltas mula sa mga Pilipino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Taon-taon,
malaking bahagi ng pambansang badyet ay napupunta lámang sa pagbabayad ng mga
utang na iyon, sa halip na magamit ang bahaging iyon para sa higit na maraming
pambayang daan, tulay, silid-aralan, aklat sa mga pambayang paaralan,
pagamutan, pabahay, gamot sa mga pambayang pagamutan, at iba pang serbisyong
pambayan; para sa pandagdag sa mga sahod o benepisyo ng mga guro, pulis, kawal,
kawani, at pensiyonado ng pamahalaan; at para sa marami pa sanang mga
proyektong pangkaunlaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kaawa-awang
táong-bayan. Binabayaran nila, at babayaran pa rin ng mga kaapu-apuhan nila,
ang mga utang na pinakinabangan at pinakikinabangan pa rin ng iilang tao
lámang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapit-tuko<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
ika-17 ng Enero 1981, inalis na ni Marcos ang batas militar. At matápos na
naman niyang pasusugan ang Saligang Batas, nagpatawag siya ng isang halalang
pampanguluhan. Subalit binoykot siya ng oposisyon; kayâ’t ang nakalaban niya ay
isang di-kilalang personalidad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Marcos ay inihalal ng 18 milyong botanteng Pilipino, at nanumpa sa pagkapangulo
sa ikatlong pagkakataon noong ika-30 ng Hunyo nang taon ding iyon. Isinuko na
rin niya ang tungkulin ng punòng ministro, at hinirang para rito si Cesar
Virata. Subalit nanatili siya bílang punò ng bansa, punòng ehekutibo ng
pamahalaan, at punòng komandante ng sandatahang lakas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">May
anim-na-taóng termino na naman si Marcos (hanggang 1987). At maaari pa siyang
mahalal ng isa o marami pang termino pagkatapos niyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si Sen. Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Sen. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino ang isa sa mga pinakamatunog na mananalo sa
halalang pampanguluhan na nakatakda noong Nobyembre 1973. Hindi na naganap ang
halalang ito, dahil idineklara na nga ang batas militar. Bílang ang
pinakamahigpit na kalaban sa politika ni Marcos, agad na dinakip si Ninoy nang
maibaba ang batas militar. Nilitis siya ng isang hukumang militar sa salàng
sedisyon, at ang naging hatol sa kanya ay kamatayan. Dahil kinundena ng
maraming bansa ang hatol, hindi iyon naipatupad ni Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
Marso 1980, matápos atakihin sa puso habang nakapiit, pinayagan ni Marcos si
Ninoy na umalis ng bansa kasáma ang pamilya upang magpagamot sa Estados Unidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
ika-21 ng Agosto 1983, bumalik si Ninoy sa bansa. Nang pababa na siya sa
eroplano na kanyang sinakyan, umalingawngaw ang mga putok ng baril. Bumulagta
si Ninoy sa tarmak ng Internasyonal na Paliparan ng Maynila na duguan, sabog
ang ulo, at wala nang búhay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagimbal
ang buong bansa. Umalingawngaw sa lahat ng sulok ng mundo ang mga putok ng
baril na iyon. Ang naging pangunahing suspek sa pamamaslang: si Marcos. Subalit
mabilis na itinanggi ni Marcos na may kinalaman siya roon, at mabilis ding
itinuro na ang mga armadong komunista raw ang may kagagawan niyon upang guluhin
ang sitwasyon ng bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
libing ni Ninoy, dalawang milyong tao ang dumalo. Naglakad silá mula sa
Simbahang Santo Domingo sa Lungsod ng Quezon hanggang sa Manila Memorial
Park<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sa Parañaque—mahigit 20 kilometro.
Hindi silá natinag ng init ng araw, buhos ng ulan, gútom, at págod.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
telebisyon, nang tanungin si Gng. Marcos kung ano ang masasabi niya sa libing,
binungisngisan lámang niya iyon. Naging katawa-tawa na raw.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mga Krisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pinukaw
ng kamatayan ni Ninoy ang damdamin ng sambayanan. Kung dati’y naduduwag ang mga
tao sa kamay na bakal ni Marcos, naging palaban na silá.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sinapol
din ng pangyayaring ito ang sektor ng pagbabangko, ang pinakagulugod pa man din
ng ekonomiya ng bawat bansa. Dumagsa sa mga bangko ang mga nag-iimpok upang
bawiin ang kanilang mga deposito, kaysa maisáma pa ang mga iyon sa pagsasara ng
mga bangko.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nanginig
at nagsilikas ng bansa ang maraming dayuhang mamumuhunan. Napilayan din ang mga
paktorya, pagawaan, at iba pang uri ng bahay-kalakal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pagsapit
ng kalagitnaan ng 1984, mahigit sa 500 bangko ang nangalugi at nangagsara na.
Ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inflation rate</i> (pangkalahatang
pagtaas ng halaga ng mga bilihin) ng bansa ay umabot na sa 60%. At lampas isang
milyong Pilipino ang nawalan na ng trabaho.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nabangkarote
na ang pamahalaan at pananalapi ng bayan; kayâ, napilitan si Marcos na magpataw
ng mga bago at dagdag na buwis, at itaas ang halaga ng dolyar, mula P14
hanggang P21. Sa isang magdamag lámang, bumaba ng 50% ang halaga ng piso laban
sa dolyar!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Palubog
na si Marcos, at malala na rin ang kanyang kalusugan. May mga bali-balita noon
na nawawala siya sa Malakanyang at palihim na inihahatid sa Estados Unidos
upang ipagamot ang kanyang sakít sa bato.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biglaang Halalan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
ika-23 ng Nobyembre 1985, upang maisalba ang kanyang bumubulusok na
popularidad, nagpatawag si Marcos ng isang biglaang halalan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">snap election</i>) para sa pangulo at
pangalawang pangulo. Itinakda ang halalang ito sa ika-7 ng Pebrero 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Labag
sa batas ang hakbang na iyon ni Marcos, dahil sa ilalim ng Saligang Batas ng
1973, ang susunod na halalang pampanguluhan ay nakatakdang ganapin sa Hunyo
1987 pa. Subalit dahil sanay nang magmaniobra si Marcos, nakuha pa rin niya ang
kanyang gusto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
pagkakataong ito, kinagat ng oposisyon ang hámon niya. Nagkaisa silá sa tiket
ni Cory Aquino (ang biyuda ni Ninoy) bílang pangulo at Salvador Laurel bílang
pangalawang pangulo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tinunghayan
maging ng ibang bansa ang halalang ito—kung ano ang magiging laban ng isang
biyudang baguhan sa politiko sa isang politikong bukod sa beterano na ay hawak
pa ang gobyerno, ang sandatahang lakas, at ang halos lahat ng makinarya sa
halalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naganap
ang halalan noong ika-7 ng Pebrero 1986. Ngunit inaasahan na noon na gagawin ni
Marcos ang lahat upang siya ang manalo, kabílang na ang pandaraya. Habang
nagaganap ang bilangán isang araw, may mga kawani ng Komisyon sa Halalan o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commission on</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elections</i> (COMELEC) ang biglang lumabas ng pangunahing pook ng
bilangán, dahil may mga natuklasan daw siláng nagaganap na dayaan. Ang tugon ni
Marcos ay ipinalipat ang bilangán mula sa COMELEC patungo sa Batasang Pambansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
bilangán sa Batasang Pambansa, may mga nabuksang kahon ng mga balota na ang
nakatalâng boto nina Cory at Laurel ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zero</i>
o wala. Marami ang nagsabi na imposibleng mangyari na sa isang presinto ay wala
ni isang bumuto kina Cory at Laurel. Ang kinauwian ng bilangán sa Batasan para
sa pangulo: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Marcos: 10,807,197 boto; Aquino:
9,291,716 boto. Para sa pangalawang pangulo: Tolentino: 10,134,130 boto;
Laurel: 7,441,313 boto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Para naman sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Movement for Free Elections</i> (NAMFREL), ang kinikilalang
bantay-halalang organisasyon, panalo sina Cory at Laurel. Sa pagkapangulo, ang
bílang nito ay Aquino: 7,835,070 boto; Marcos: 7,053,068 boto. At sa pagkapangalawang
pangulo, Laurel: 7,441,313 boto; Tolentino: 6,613,507 boto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hindi matanggap ng oposisyon ang
resulta ng bilangán sa Batasan. Subalit kahit ano ang panggigigil na gawin
nila, iprinoklama pa rin ng Batasan noong ika-15 ng Pebrero 1986 sina Marcos at
Tolentino bílang ang nanalong pangulo at pangalawang pangulo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang akala ng lahat ay manunungkulan
na naman si Marcos ng isa pang termino (1986-92). Hanggang sa maganap ang mga
hindi inaasahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sabado, ika-22 ng Pebrero 1986<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-3 n.h. Nagkuta sa loob ng Kampo
Aguinaldo sina Enrile, Ramos, at 300 sa kanilang mga tauhan. Sinarhan at
binarikadahan nila ang lahat ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gate</i>
ng kampo. Armadong-armado silá. Ginawa nilang himpilan ang gusali ng Ministri
ng Tanggulang Pambansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-6:45 n.g. Nagpatawag sina Enrile
at Ramos ng isang pulong pambalitaan upang ipabatid ang kanilang hakbang. Sa
harap ng mga lokal at dayuhang mamamahayag, ipinaalam nila na hindi na nila
kinikilala si Marcos bílang ang pangulo ng bansa, dahil nandaya raw ito sa
nakaraang halalan. Ayon kay Enrile, sa rehiyon daw niya, dinaya raw ni Marcos
si Cory ng 300,000 boto. Ipinahayag din ni Enrile na ang pananambang sa kanya
noong 1972 ay huwad at gawa-gawa lámang nilang dalawa ni Marcos upang magkaroon
si Marcos ng dahilan na maiproklama ang batas militar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-8:00 n.g. Nagsalita sa
telebisyon si Marcos, inuutusan sina Enrile at Ramos na itigil na “ang
kawalanghiyaang iyon.” Tumanggi sina Enrile at Ramos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-9:00 n.g. Sumahimpapawid sa
Radio Veritas ang panawagan ni Cardinal Sin sa mga tao na magtungo sa EDSA at
Kampo Aguinaldo upang suportahan sina Enrile at Ramos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wala nga namang kalaban-laban sina
Enrile, Ramos, at 300 tauhan nila kay Marcos, ang punòng komandante ng AFP, na
may 140,000 tauhang nakatalaga sa mga hukbong katihan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">navy</i>) himpapawid (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">air force</i>),
dagat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">navy</i>), at konstabularya at
kapulisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hatinggabi. Libo-libo na ang dumagsa
sa EDSA, karamiha’y mga maka-Cory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Linggo, ika-23 ng Pebrero 1986<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Umaga. Umabot na sa 100,000 tao ang
nása EDSA. Lahat ng uri ng tao ay naroroon. Lalaki at babae. Bata at matanda.
Propesyunal, kawani, at manggagawa. Mayaman at mahirap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nása likod pa ni Marcos si Hen. Ver
at iba pang mga pangunahing heneral ng AFP. Hawak pa rin niya ang mga himpilan
ng telebisyon: ang Channel 2, 4, 7, 9, at 13. Halos oras-oras ay ipinalalabas
sa mga ito ang kanyang mga pahayag; kayâ, lumilitaw na kontrolado pa niya ang
sitwasyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa isang pag-uusap sa telepono,
inalok ni Marcos si Enrile ng patawad (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amnesty</i>).
Tinanggihan iyon ni Enrile. Nagsimula na raw ang laban; wala nang urungan pa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-12:30 n.h. Lumipat sina Enrile
at Ramos ng pagkukutahan. Sumakay silá ng mga trak at dyip na pangmilitar
papuntang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 2</i> ng Kampo Aguinaldo.
Nakaharap ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gate</i> na ito sa EDSA at
sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 1</i> ng Kampo Crame. Nagsibaba
silá nang makarating doon, lumabas ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate
2</i>, at tinawid ang EDSA. Pinapalakpakan silá ng mga tao. Pumasok silá sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 1</i> ng Kampo Crame. Sa kampong iyon
na silá magkukuta. Mas madali raw kasing ipagtanggol ang Kampo Crame, dahil mas
maliit ito kung ihahambing sa Kampo Aguinaldo. Ginawa nilang himpilan ang
punòng gusali ng PC/INP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inutusan na ni Marcos ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine Marines</i> sa pamumuno ni Brig.
Hen. Tadiar na lusubin na sina Enrile at Ramos. Ang himpilan ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marines</i> ay nása Kuta Bonifacio sa Taguig
at mga pitong kilometro ang layo nito mula sa Kampo Crame.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-5:00 n.h. Namataan na dumarating
na sa interseksiyon ng EDSA at Ortigas Avenue ang hukbo ni Brig. Hen. Tadiar.
Armadong-armado ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marines</i>, at
naglalakihan ang mga tangkeng pandigma na dala nila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagulat ang mga tao sa EDSA.
Naghiyawan at sumugod silá papuntang EDSA-Ortigas upang magkapit-bisig,
harangin ang mga papalusob na sundalo at tangke, at sa gayo’y maprotektahan
sina Enrile at Ramos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tumindi ang tensiyon. At
kalunos-lunos ang mga tagpo. Nag-iiyakan at nakikiusap ang mga tao sa mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marines</i> na huwag nang tumuloy upang
maiwasan ang pagdanak ng dugo, ang “sagupaan sa pagitan ng mga magkakapatid sa
tungkulin.” May mga nanalangin. May mga nag-alay ng mga bulaklak at pagkain sa
mga sundalo. Dumagsa sa EDSA ang mga pagkain at tubig. (Pumasok na ang
makinarya ng mayayamang kakampi ni Cory).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hindi talaga makausad ang mga
tangke, dahil hinaharang nga ng mga tao. Nanaig ang lakas ng mga mamamayan.
Dahil sa mga tagpong iyon, umusbong na ang pariralang “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">people power</i>” o “lakas ng mamamayan” at “lakas ng bayan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagkaroon na ng malinaw na
direksiyon ang kilusan: Nagrebelde sina Enrile at Ramos laban kay Marcos,
sinusuportahan silá ng táong-bayan, nauwi na iyon sa isang himagsikan ng
sambayanan, at dapat ay bumaba na sa puwesto si Marcos at papalit na si Cory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga nagaganap sa EDSA-Ortigas,
kung saan patuloy na hinaharang ng mga tao ang nagpupumilit pa ring hukbo ni
Brig. Hen. Tadiar, ay hindi ipinalalabas ng mga himpilan ng telebisyon, dahil
hawak pa nga ni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marcos ang mga himpilang
iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Subalit naipalalabas ang mga tagpong
iyon sa mga telebisyon sa ibang bansa. Hinangaan ang giting ng mga tao laban sa
mga tangke. Umapela si Papa Juan Pablo II na huwag sasaktan ang mga tao.
Gayundin ang mga pamahalaan ng iba’t ibang bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lunes, ika-24 ng Pebrero 1986<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-5:00 n.u. Lumapag sa Kampo Crame
ang limang helikopter ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">15th Strike Wing</i>
ng Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas. Silá ang mga unang grupong pangmilitar na
pumanig sa mga rebelde.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-8:45 n.u. Nilusob ng mga
rebeldeng komando nina Enrile at Ramos ang Channel 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-9:30 n.u. Isinailalim ni Marcos
ang bansa sa “estado ng panganib.” Nagpatupad din siya ng karpyo mula ika-6:00
n.u. hanggang ika-6:00 n.g. Karpyo sa araw? Pinagtawanan siya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-1:45 n.h. Nawala sa ere ang
Channel 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-2:00 n.h. Sa kanyang tanggapan
sa Malakanyang, nagsasalita si Marcos at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live</i>
na napapanood sa Channel 2, 7, 9, at 13, nang biglang pumasok si Hen. Ver,
nakapatig na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Handa na po ang mga eroplano,”
pabatid ni Ver matápos sumaludo kay Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Huwag, huwag,” pigil sa kanya ni
Marcos. “Ayokong madamay ang mga tao.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Pero handa na po ang mga eroplano,”
pilit ni Ver habang nakataas ang kanang hintuturo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Huwag, huwag, huwag,” pigil pa ni
Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nang mga sandaling iyon,
umiikot-ikot na sa himpapawid sa Kampo Crame ang mga eroplanong pandigma na
ipinalunsad ni Hen. Ver. Nakahanda nang bombahin ang kampo, kahit napakarami ng
mga sibilyang nakapalibot doon. Pinanonood ng mga tao ang mga eroplano. Wala
siláng magawa kundi ang mag-iyakan, matákot, at humandang ibuwis ang kanilang
mga búhay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alam ni Marcos na kung
pahihintulutan niya si Ver na bombahin na ang kampo, isang malagim na krimen
ang magagawa niya: Ang pumatay ng mga táong walang kalaban-laban. Alam niyang
uusigin maging ang kanyang mga kaapu-apuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-3:00 n.h. Sa isang púlong
pambalitaan, ipinaalam ni Enrile na nagtatatag na si Cory ng isang bágong
pamahalaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-8:00 n.g. Bumalik sa ere ang
Channel 4, subalit hindi na mukha ni Marcos ang nakikita kundi ang sa mga
rebelde na sa pangunguna ni June Keithley, isa sa mga pangunahing sumusuporta
kay Cory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naghanda na si Brig. Hen. Tadiar
para sa hulí at sagarang paglusob sa Kampo Crame. Subalit hindi talaga nila
magagawa iyon, dahil umabot na sa dalawang milyon ang tao sa EDSA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Martes, ika-25 ng Pebrero 1986<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-7:00 n.u. Nilusob ng mga
rebeldeng komando ang iba pang mga himpilan ng telebisyon. Nagsagupaan ang mga
rebeldeng kawal nina Enrile at ang mga loyalistang sundalo ni Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-10:00 n.u. Sa isang restawran sa
Club Fiipino sa Greenhills, San Juan (malapit lámang ito sa Kampo Crame),
nanumpa sina Cory at Doy bílang ang bágong pangulo at pangalawang pangulo ng
bansa. Kasáma sa mga sumaksi sina Enrile at Ramos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-11:00 n.u. Nanumpa rin si Marcos
sa Malakanyang, sa harapan ng kanilang mga loyalista. Matápos iyon, inawit ni
Imelda ang awit nila nila Marcos, ang “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dahil
sa Iyo</i>.” Naipalabas pa ang seremonyang ito sa Channel 7, 9, at 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-12:30 n.h. Nakubkob na ng mga
rebelde ang lahat ng iba pang istasyon ng telebisyon. Habang nagsasalita si
Marcos sa kanyang tanggapan at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live</i>
na napapanood sa Channel 9 at 13, bigla siyang nawala sa ere. Tuluyan nang
iginupo ang kanyang rehimen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nang makita ni Brig. Hen. Tadiar na
nawala na si Marcos sa alinmang himpilan ng telebisyon, bumigay na rin siya.
Inutusan niya ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marines</i> na
bumalik na sa Kuta Bonifacio. At tumawag siya kay Ten. Hen. Ramos upang ipaalam
ang kanyang pagsuporta sa bágong liderato.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hapon. Sa telepono, nagkaroon ng
negosasyon sina Marcos at Enrile tungkol sa pagbaba sa puwesto ni Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ika-9:45 n.g. Dalawang helikopter
ang lumapag sa paligid ng Malakanyang upang sunduin sina Marcos at ang kanilang
mga kaibigan. Dinala silá sa Clark Air Field, ang base militar noon ng Estados
Unidos sa Pampanga. Mula roon ay inihatid silá ng isang eroplano ng Hukbong
Himpapawid ng Estados Unidos patungong Honolulu, Hawaii. Tangay nila ang
male-maletang salapi, alahas, ginto, at iba pang kayamanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kinilala na ng Pransiya, Estados
Unidos, at iba pang bansa ang pamahalaan ni Cory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nang matiyak na wala na sa
Malakanyang ang mga Marcos, nilusob na ng mga tao ang palasyo. Doon,
natunghayan nila ang mala-hari’t reynang pamumuhay ng mga Marcos, sa gitna ng
malaganap na kahirapan sa bansa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nang sumunod na umaga, sumibol ang
isang bágong pag-asa para sa bayan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bágong Kalayaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dahil sa himagsikang ito, lumaya ang
bansa mula sa diktadurya. Nanumbalik ang demokrasya; kayâ, muling nagkaroon ng
tinig ang mga mamamayan na maipahayag ang kanilang mga saloobin, at nawala na
ang pangamba na dulot ng mapaniil na pamahalaan. Kung dati, takót ang mga tao
na batikusin ang pangulo ng bansa, ngayon ay malaya na nila itong nagagawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagkaroon din ng bágong konstitusyon,
ang Saligang Batas ng 1987. Nakapaloob dito ang mga natutuhan mula sa
diktadurya: Nilimitahan sa iisang anim-na-taóng termino na lámang ang
panunungkulan ng pangulo; kahit may proklamasyon ng batas militar ang pangulo,
ang Kongreso ay magpapatuloy sa trabaho nito at hindi ito maaaring ipasara;
bawal nang italaga ang asawa, mga anak, at mga kaanak ng pangulo sa anumang
tungkulin sa pamahalaan o sa mga korporasyong pag-aari o kontrolado ng
pamahalaan; bawal din siláng pumasok sa anumang transaksiyong pananalapi ng
pamahalaan; at binigyang-halaga ang mga karapatang-pantao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">May bágong kalayaan. Ngunit ang
anumang uri ng himagsikan at pagbabago ay hindi nakasalalay lámang sa mga lider
ng bayan. Hindi makakayanan noon ni Cory na maiahon agad ang bansa mula sa kinasasadlakan
nito. Hindi rin ang pamahalaan na lámang lagi ang dapat sisihin sa karukhaan at
iba pang suliranin ng bansa. Bawat isa ay dapat na mag-ambag para sa ikauunlad
ng bayan, at hindi iyong iaasa na lámang ang pag-igi ng búhay sa pamahalaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang pagbabayad ng tamang buwis, ang
pagtalima sa mga batas at alituntunin ng lipunan, at ang pagsusumikap at
pagtitiyaga na ungusan ang dating hikahos na búhay ay mariringal na anyo ng
pagmamahal sa bayan na lubusang makatutulong upang manatiling buháy ang layunin
ng Himagsikang Lakas ng Bayan: Ang pagkakaisa para sa kalayaan, kapayapaan, at
kaunlaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mga Pansariling Karanasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nakatira kami ng aking pamilya noon
sa loob mismo ng Kampo Crame, dahil nakatalaga ang tatay ko (pulis siya) sa
tanggapan din mismo ni Ten. Hen. Ramos. Nagtin-edyer pa lámang akó noon, at
nása unang taon sa Mataas na Paaralang Kampo Crame, isang paaralang pambayan sa
loob din ng kampo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gabi ng Sabado, ika-22 ng Pebrero,
naglalagablab sa radyo ang balita. Dinig na dinig din namin ang tinig ng mga
tao sa labas ng kampo. Ang mga sundalo at pulis naman sa loob ng kampo ay
armado, nakapatig, at tensiyonado. Alam nila na anumang oras ay magkakapatayan
na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagpaalam sandali ang tatay ko sa
tanggapan ni Ten. Hen. Ramos upang puntahan kami at papaghandain sakaling
kailangan naming tumakas ng kampo. Inutusan kaming magkakapatid ng nanay namin
na magbalót ng mga damit. Narinig ko ang pag-uusap ng tatay ko at ng iba pang
mga pulis at sundalo. Susuportahan daw nila sina Enrile at Ramos anuman ang
mangyari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kinabukasan, Linggo, ika-23 ng
Pebrero, sa labas ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 1</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 2</i> ng kampo ay punông-punô ng mga
tao, samantalang ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 3</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 4</i> ay nakakandado at nahaharangan ng
mga trak pangmilitar. Hindi tuloy kami makalabas ng kampo upang makapamalengke.
Biglaan ang mga pangyayari, at hindi kami nakahanda. Mabuti na lámang at
dumagsa sa EDSA ang sako-sakong tinapay. May mga nakarating sa bahay namin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lunes, ika-24 ng Pebrero, ang
pinakakritikal na araw. Wala kaming pasok sa paaralan. Suspendido ang mga klase.
Habang napapanood namin sa Channel 9 ang ginawang pagpasok ni Hen. Ver sa
tanggapan ni Marcos upang humingi ng pahintulot na bombahin na ang Kampo Crame,
lumabas kami ng bahay at sumáma sa mga tao na nangagtakbuhan patungo sa
gusaling kinalalagyan nina Enrile at Ramos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kitang-kita ko ang mga eroplanong
pandigma na paikot-ikot sa himpapawid at nakahandang tirahin na kami ng mga
bomba. Mura pa ang isipan ko noon, pero doon akó unang nakaramdam ng tákot ng
kamatayan. Humigpit na ang hawak ng mga sundalo at pulis sa kani-kanilang mga
baril. Naramdaman ko kung papaanong natákot ang mga tao. Subalit pagkaraan ng
isang oras, nawala ang mga eroplano. Tuwang-tuwa kami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Martes, ika-25 ng Pebrero.
Napapanood namin sa telebisyon na nanunumpa sina Cory at Laurel bílang pangulo
at pangalawang pangulo. Napanood din namin ang panunumpa ni Marcos. Pagdating
ng hapon, nawala na sa telebisyon si Marcos. At sa kalaliman ng gabi, ibinalita
sa telebisyon na umalis na ng Malakanyang sina Marcos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kinabukasan, Miyerkules, ika-26 ng
Pebrero. Matápos mag-almusal, kinuha ko ang aking bisikleta at pinuntahan ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gate 1</i> ng Kampo Crame. Wala na roon ang
mga tao. Balik sa dati ang EDSA; punô na naman ito ng mga sasakyan. Bukás na
rin ang iba pang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gate</i> ng kampo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pinuntahan ko rin ang aming
paaralan. Tahimik na tahimik ito. Wala pa kasi kaming pasok. Nananatiling
suspendido ang mga klase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lunes, ika-3 ng Marso. May pasok na
kami sa paaralan. Katákot-tákot at hindi matápos-tápos ang mga balitaktakan
tungkol sa mga nangyari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Pumunta kami sa EDSA,” sabi ng
isang kaklase na taghiyawatin. “Malápit lámang kami sa mga humarang sa mga
tangke.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Kami naman, natákot,” sabi ng isang
kaklase na makinis ang mukha, “kayâ, nása bahay lang kami.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Nása EDSA rin kami,” sabi ng isang
kaklase na singkit. “Kitang-kita ko nga ang mga eroplano. Mabababa lang kasi
ang lipad!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Nakita ko rin ang mga eroplano!”
sabi ng isang kaklase na malalaki ang mga mata. “May mga inihulog daw na bomba.
Pero hindi raw sumabog!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Nandoon din kami sa EDSA,” sabi ng
isang kaklase na payat. “Kaso lang, nagútom kami. Umuwi na lang tuloy kami.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Kami rin, nása EDSA,” sabi ng isang
kaklase na mataba. “Ang sasarap nga ng mga tinapay na nakuha namin doon e!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hanggang ngayon, sariwa pa rin sa
isipan ko ang mga pangyayaring iyon: Ang tensiyon, ang mga pangamba, ang tákot,
ang giting ng sambayanan, at ang pagmamahal sa kalayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqITpovaq4XhAXX53GLqOKklWN0KmgKJEab71_8rGfILmP_IHZ3D-kmhXVy827xY9KAzvkySbZIaxTB8fL4IBKsf3BqSR1rNkuB8ch9qhKtsT_-q_oC45tZLbWmsbJVUrWga4JIrKLmuI/s1600/Excursion+Ika-14+ng+Mayo+1984.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqITpovaq4XhAXX53GLqOKklWN0KmgKJEab71_8rGfILmP_IHZ3D-kmhXVy827xY9KAzvkySbZIaxTB8fL4IBKsf3BqSR1rNkuB8ch9qhKtsT_-q_oC45tZLbWmsbJVUrWga4JIrKLmuI/s1600/Excursion+Ika-14+ng+Mayo+1984.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span class="hascaption"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tagaytay City, Cavite,
ika-14 ng Mayo 1984: Excursion ng staff ng noo'y si Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos,
hepe noon ng PC/INP (PNP na ngayon) at ikalawang hepe ng AFP. Nakaupo si Gen.
Ramos katabi sa kanyang kaliwa ang kanyang maybahay na si Gng. Amelita
"Ming" Ramos. Isa ako sa mga batang nasa harapan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Talasanggunian:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bulletin Today</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">People’s Journal</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tempo</i>, ika-23-26 ng Pebrero 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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</script>Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-15934334602913079532015-12-30T23:53:00.000-08:002015-12-31T00:03:26.107-08:00Kahit Sikát at may Ph.D, Nagkakamali pa rin ang mga Historians
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historians</i> o historyador ay mga tao rin. Kahit sikát at may Ph.D
(doktorado sa pilosopiya), nagkakamali pa rin silá.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kayâ, kung may isang tao na nakapansin
sa isang mali na sinabi o isinulat ng isang historyador, dapat bang hayaan na
lámang niya ang pagkakamali na iyon, dahil sikát at may Ph.D ang historyador?
Kung papansinin naman niya ang mali, tama bang ikatwiran ng ibang tao ang
ganito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%;">“Sino
ka para sabihin na mali ang sinabi o isinulat ng historyador na iyon? Sikát
iyon at may Ph.D. Ikaw, sino ka at anong mayroon ka? Wala kang pangalan at
karapatang kuwestiyon ang mga sinabi o isinulat niya.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang anumang pagkakamali ay pagkakamali.
Hindi dapat hayaan na lámang iyon, lalo na kung makapipinsala sa ibang tao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sina
Hernandez at Zaide<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kunin nating halimbawa bílang mga
nagkamaling historyador ang dalawang Pilipinong historyador na sikát at may
Ph.D: sina Dr. Leandro H. Fernandez at Dr. Gregorio F. Zaide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Si Dr. Leandro H. Fernandez (1889-1948)
ay ipinadala noong 1909 ng gobyerno ng Pilipinas sa Estados Unidos bílang isang
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pensionado</i> o iskolar ng gobyerno.
Nagtapos siya ng digring batsilyer sa pagtuturo sa Tri-State College sa Indiana
noong 1910 at ng digring batsilyer sa pilosopiya sa University of Chicago noong
1912. Nakamit naman niya ang kanyang doktorado sa pilosopiya noong 1926 sa
Columbia University. Ang aklat niyang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A
Brief History of the</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines</i>
ay inilathala noong 1919 at naging isa sa mga unang aklat pangkasaysayan na
isinulat ng isang Pilipino at ginamit sa mga paaralan sa Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Si Dr. Gregorio F. Zaide (1907-86) ay
nagtapos ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ph.B in History</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MA in History</i> sa Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas noong 1929 at 1931, ayon sa pagkakasunod. Natapos din niya ang
kanyang Ph.D sa pilosopiya at kasaysayan sa Unibersidad ng Santos Tomas. Sa mga
historyador na Pilipino, si Zaide ang pinakasikát at ang may pinakamaraming
naisulat na aklat pangkasaysayan (mahigit 100). Mula pa noong dekada 1950, ang
mga teksbuk pangkasaysayan na isinulat niya ay ginagámit na sa mga paaralang
elementarya, sekondarya, at kolehiyo sa Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang
Isang Pagkakamali nina Hernandez at Zaide<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dahil tao lámang sina Fernandez at Zaide,
nagkakamali rin silá kahit mga sikát at may Ph.D. Heto ang isa nilang
pagkakamali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa kanyang aklat na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine History: Development of Our Nation</i> (Maynila: Bookman,
Inc., 1961), ganito ang isinulat ni Zaide sa p. 306:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%;">“General
Malvar, the guiding spirit of a dying cause, surrendered in Lipa on April 16,
1902. He was the last Filipino general to surrender to the Americans. …”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ayon kay Zaide, si Malvar ang hulíng
heneral na Pilipino na sumuko sa mga mananakop na Amerikano. Ilang dekada na
itinuro sa mga paaralan ang impormasyong ito. Pero mali ito, dahil hindi si
Malvar ang hulíng Pilipinong heneral na sumuko sa mga Amerikano. Inabot pa muna
ng ilang dekada at maraming henerasyon ng mga mag-aaral na Pilipino ang
naturuan ng maling impormasyong ito bago ito naituwid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Si Zaide mismo ang nagtuwid sa kanyang
pagkakamali. Sa isa pa niyang aklat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pageant of Philippine History</i>,
Ikalawang Tomo (Maynila: Philippine Education Company, 1979), ganito ang
pagtutuwid ni Zaide sa p. 333:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%;">“In
former years Filipino historians, including the author of this book, were of
the belief that General Malvar was the last Filipino general in the War of
Philippine Independence to surrender to the Americans. This misconception was
caused by (1) two early Filipino historians, Dr. Leandro H. Fernandez and Dean
Conrado Benitez, who popularized the myth that General Malvar of Batangas was
the last Filipino general to surrender and (2) lack of knowledge then of the
life and role of General Simeon Ola of Albay Province in the war against the
United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%;">“The
author of this book, after an intensive research on the pertinent sources,
primary and secondary, sincerely believe that in the rewriting of Philippine
history General Simeon Ola (1865-1952) should be accorded the honor of being the
last Filipino general to surrender to the Americans. …”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Inamin ni Zaide ang pagkakamali niya
tungkol sa kung sino ang hulíng Pilipinong heneral na sumuko sa mga Amerikano.
Inamin pa niya na namana niya ang pagkakamaling iyon sa mga historyador na
nauna sa kanya, sina Dr. Leandro Fernandez at Dekano Conrado Benitez.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hayan, kahit sikát at may Ph.D,
nagkakamali rin ang mga historyador. Mabuti na lámang at ang katulad ni Zaide
ay umaamin at itinutuwid ang kanyang pagkakamali. Hindi tulad ng maraming
historyador na matitigas ng ulo at ayaw pang magsiamin, kahit lantaran nang
nakikita ang kanilang mga pagkakamali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang
Dapat Gawin sa Pagkakamali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sipiin natin ang sinabi ng Amerikanong
iskolar na si </span><a href="http://www.sitchiniswrong.com/about/about.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Dr.
Michael Heiser</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tungkol sa kung ano ang dapat gawin sa
isang pagkakamali. Si Dr. Heiser ay nagsusulat ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">blog</i> na bumabatikos sa mga aklat tungkol sa mga di-umano’y
sinaunang astronaut na isinulat ng mga pseudo-historyador na gaya ng </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Azerbaijani</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-Amerikanong si </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">Zecharia Sitchin</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Sa unang pahina ng kanyang </span><a href="http://www.sitchiniswrong.com/index.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">website</span></span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,
ipinaliwanag ni Heiser kung bakit niya binabatikos si Sitchin:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Welcome to the website
devoted to addressing the claims of the ancient astronaut hypothesis
popularized in the writings of Zecharia Sitchin. Who's behind this site? My
name is Mike Heiser. Who am I? The short answer is that I'm a scholar of
biblical and ancient Near Eastern languages, cultures, and religions. Why do I
bother with this stuff? Because I don't like ancient texts manipulated to
promote false claims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“If I were a lawyer I'd
feel professionally obligated to tell you if someone was giving you bad legal
advice. If I was a medical doctor, I'd owe you the truth if I knew the medicine
you were taking was bogus or could kill you. If I was an accountant, I'd let
you know if a neighbor's tax advice could put you in jail. I'm none of those
things, but take the analogy to heart. I'm trying to provide the same service
in my areas of expertise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I can tell you--and
show you--that what Zecharia Sitchin has written about Nibiru, the Anunnaki,
the book of Genesis, the Nephilim, and a host of other things has absolutely no
basis in the real data of the ancient world. I don't doubt that Zecharia
Sitchin is a nice guy; he's just wrong. Nothing personal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tama si Dr. Heiser. Iwasto dapat ang
isang pagkakamali. Iyan ang nararapat gawin sa isang pagkakamali. At hindi
pamemersonal ang ganyan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung nakita ng isang doktor na mali ang
ibinibigay na gamot ng kapwa niya doktor sa mga pasyente, dapat niyang ituwid
ang pagkakamali ng kapwa niya doktor. Kung hindi niya itutuwid, maaaring
mapahamak ang mga pasyente.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung nakita ng isang inhinyero na mali
ang bakal na inilagay ng kapwa niya inhinyero sa isang ginagawang tulay, dapat
niyang ituwid ang pagkakamali ng kapwa niya inhinyero. Kung hindi niya
itutuwid, maaaring bumagsak ang tulay at mapahamak ang mga táong tumatawid
doon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung nakita ng isang dentista na mali
ang ginagawang pagbunot sa ngipin sa mga pasyente ng isang kapwa niya dentista,
dapat niyang ituwid ang pagkakamali ng kapwa niya dentista. Kung hindi niya
itutuwid, maaaring mapinsala ang mga pasyente.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung ikaw na isang mambabása, mag-aaral,
guro, manunulat, iskolar, o simpleng mahiligin sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ay
may napansin na maling sinabi o isinulat ng isang historyador na sikát at may
Ph.D, hahayaan mo na lámang ba ang pagkakamali na iyon, dahil sa rason na ang
historyador na iyon ay sikát at may Ph.D?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung gagawin mo iyan, papaano na ang
makaririnig o makababása sa pagkakamali ng historyador? Isang maling
impormasyon ang maitatatak sa isip ng táong nakaririnig o nakababása. Hahayaan
mo lámang ba na makarinig o makabása ng mali ang kapwa mo? Kung may malasakit
ka sa kapwa mo, itutuwid mo ang pagkakamali ng historyador, kahit pa siya sikát
at may Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang
Pagtutuwid sa Mali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Papaano itutuwid ang isang pagkakamali
ng isang historyador? Simple lámang. Suriing mabuti ang mga pangunahing batayan
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i>) sa kasaysayan. Ang
mga batayang iyan ang magagámit na mabisang kasangkapan upang maituwid ang
mali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kayâ nga lamang, dapat ay may
pampropesyonal na pagsasanay (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">professional
training</i>) sa kasaysayan ang isang magtutuwid. Kung wala siya nito, maaaring
palalain pa niya ang mali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">May nakita akó sa Internet na isang tao
na ang akala sa sarili ay napakahusay na niya sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.
Subalit ang pagkakaalam niya ay ang artikulong pangulong-tudling (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">editorial article</i>) ay isang ulat balita
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">news report</i>) at dapat daw ay
nakalagay sa artikulong pangulong-tudling ang pangalan ng sumulat ng artikulo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Umabot na siya sa ganoong edad (60),
pero hindi pa niya lubusang nalalaman kung ano ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">news report </i>at ang<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> editorial
article</i>. Kapag ganyan ang antas ng utak ng isang magtutuwid sa isang
pagkakamali ng isang historyador, bakâ ang susunod na mangyayari ay ang wakas
na ng sangkatauhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nakatatákot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Talâsanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Filipinos
in History</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Maynila: National Historical Institute. Ikatlong
Tomo: 1994. Ikaapat na Tomo: 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Heiser, Michael. </span><a href="http://www.sitchiniswrong.com/index.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.sitchiniswrong.com/index.html</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Zaide, Gregorio F. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippine History: Development of Our Nation</i>. Maynila: Bookman, Inc.,
1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">_______________. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pageant of Philippine
History</i>. Ikalawang Tomo. Maynila: Philippine Education Company, 1979. ●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-15798643530533981582015-12-27T19:17:00.002-08:002016-03-07T01:14:17.838-08:00Opisyal na Nagkaroon ng Araw ni Rizal Dahil sa Isang Pilipino<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">OPISYAL na nagkaroon ng pagdiriwang ng
Araw ni Rizal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rizal Day</i>), dahil sa
isang batas na inaprubahan ng isang pambansang lider na Pilipino.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong ika-20 ng Disyembre 1898,
nilagdaan ni Pang. Emilio Aguinaldo ang isang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cautusan</i> o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decreto</i> na
nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Disyembre (araw ng kamatayan ni Jose Rizal) bílang
isang pambansang araw ng pagluluksa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Si Aguinaldo ang pangulo noon ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gobierno Revolucionario</i> (Panghimagsikang
Pamahalaan), ang pambansang pamahalaan ng mga Pilipino. Itinatag ang
pamahalaang iyon noong ika-23 ng Hunyo 1898, sa Kawit, Cavite, at mula noong
Setyembre 1898 ay nakahimpil na iyon sa Malolos, Bulacan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang kautusang iyon ni Aguinaldo ang
kauna-unahang batas na nagtatakda sa ika-30 ng Disyembre bílang isang
pambansang pista opisyal.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga sumunod na batas tungkol sa Araw
ni Rizal ay pagsang-ayon at pagsunod na lámang sa pinasimulan ng kautusang
iyon—ang pagdiriwang sa ika-30 ng Disyembre bílang isang pambansang pista
opisyal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang
Kautusan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang naturang kautusan ni Aguinaldo ay
may teksto sa Espanyol at Tagalog. Naririto ang buong teksto niyon sa Tagalog:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">GOBIERNO REVOLUCIONARIO NANG FILIPINAS<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">________________<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CAUTUSAN<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">G. EMILIO
AGUINALDO AT FAMY<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Presidente nang
Gobierno Revolucionario nang Filipinas at Pañgulong General nang Caniyang
Hocbo.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa paglingap sa
ninanasá nang bayang Filipinas, at paghaha-yag nang mahal at dalisay niyang
adhica, ay iniuutos co:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Una.
Alang-alang sa manga daraquilang filipinong uagás magsilingap sa tinubuang
bayan na si Dr. Rizal at iba pa, na pinasaquitan nang lumipas nang
capangyarihang castila, ay itinuturing na arao nang paglulucsa nang boong
sangcapuluan ang ica 30 nang Diciembre.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Icalaua. Dahil
dito’y mulá pa sa tanghali ng ica 29, hangang sa tanghalian ng ica 30, ay
ilalad-lad ang ating bandila hangang calahatian lamang ng tagdang, pinacatandá
nang pag lulucsá.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Icatlo. Sa
maghapon ng ica 30 ng Diciembre ay ualang pasoc ang lahat ng sacop nang
Gobierno Revolucionario.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Icalat at ihayag ito upang matahó
nang lahat.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lagda sa
Malolos nang ica 20 nang Diciembre nang 1898.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Emilio
Aguinaldo<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang kautusang ito ni Aguinaldo ay unang nalathala sa
ikalawang pahina ng pahayagang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republica</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipina</i> sa isyu nito noong ika-24 ng
Disyembre 1898.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang Pagdiriwang
ng Unang Opisyal na Araw ni Rizal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong Biyernes, ika-30 ng Disyembre 1898,
ipinagdiwang ang kauna-unahang opisyal na Araw ni Rizal. Pangunahing isinagawa
ito sa Malolos. Ang mga sumusunod ang isinagawang aktibidad para sa natatanging
araw na ito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Mula tanghali ng ika-29 ng Disyembre
hanggang sa tanghali ng sumunod na araw, inilagay sa kalahating tagdan ang
watawat ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Walang pasok sa lahat ng tanggapan ng
pamahalaan sa buong maghapon ng ika-30 ng Disyembre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Sa gabi ng ika-30 ng Disyembre, nagdaos
ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Club Filipino</i> ng isang programang
musikal-pampanitikan sa Maynila. Sa programang iyon, binása ang ilang tula ni
Rizal, at may mga binigkas na talumpati tungkol sa búhay at mga akdang
pampulitika ni Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. At ang mga panghimagsikang pahayagang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Independencia</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republica Filipina</i> ay naglabas ng mga espesyal na isyu noong ika-29
at 30 ng Disyembre, ayon sa pagkakasunod, upang dakilain ang natatanging araw
na ito. Inilathala sa mga isyu na iyon ang ilang sanaysay at tula ni Rizal, at
mga artikulong pumupuri sa búhay at kadakilaan ni Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anti-Rizal</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anti-Rizal</i>
ay ang mga táong galít kay Rizal at sa pagiging pambansang bayani nito. At
dahil galít, marami ang mga ipinupukol nilang paninirà kay Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang pinakatanayag sa mga paninirà nila ay</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> si Rizal daw
ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">national hero</i> o ang pinili ng mga
mananakop na Amerikano na maging ang pambansang bayani. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong 1901,
nagpúlong daw ang mga awtoridad na Amerikano at ang mga kasabwat nilang
elitistang Pilipino upang pumili ng pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas. Ang púlong
na iyon ay pinangasiwaan daw ni William Howard Taft, ang Amerikanong Gobernador
Sibil ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pinagpilian daw nila sina Rizal, Bonifacio,
Aguinaldo, Mabini, del Pilar, at iba pa. Matapos ang mga deliberasyon, pinili
raw mismo ni Taft si Rizal na maideklarang pambansang bayani. Ang
pagkakadeklara raw na iyon ni Taft ang siyang pinagmulan ng Araw ni Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga patunay kung totoo man na nangyari
ang púlong na iyon ay ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">minutes of the</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proceedings</i> (mga talâ ng mga
pangyayari) sa púlong na niyon at ang batas mismo na nilagdaan ni Taft at
nagdedeklara kay Rizal bílang ang pambansang bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Subalit hanggang ngayon, ang mga </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">anti-Rizal</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ay wala
pang maipakita ni isang katiting na dokumentong ganoon, lalo na ang batas na
di-umano’y nilagdaan ni Taft at nagdedeklara kay Rizal bílang ang pambansang
bayani. Nangamamatay na lámang ang marami sa mga anti-Rizal na hindi
napatutunayan ang kanilang mga paninirà kay Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang
Nagdudumilat na Katotohanan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Walang anumang dokumento na
makapagpapatunay na may naganap noong 1901 na isang púlong na di-umano’y
naghalal sa magiging pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas, at walang nilagdaan si
Taft na batas, proklamasyon, o anupamang dokumento na nagdedeklara kay Rizal
bílang ang pambansang bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang nagdudumilat na katotohanan ay isang
pambansang lider na Pilipino ang lumagda sa kauna-unahang batas na nagtatanghal
sa ika-30 ng Disyembre bílang isang pambansang pista opisyal (hindi isang
Amerikano), at mga Pilipino ang nagpasimula sa pagdiriwang ng pista opisyal na
iyon (hindi ang mga Amerikano).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Subalit pilit itong itinatanggi ng mga
anti-Rizal, dahil sa hangad nilang matadyakan si Rizal mula sa pagiging
pambansang bayani nito. Anuman ang gawing paninirà nila kay Rizal, mananaig pa
rin ang katotohanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Talâsanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cautusan ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo na may
petsang ika-20 ng Disyembre 1898, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republica
Filipina</i>, Dis. 24, 1898 (Mandaloyon), p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">F.
G. “El Luto Nacional.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Independencia</i> (Maynila) Disyembre 31,
1898, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Guevarra,
Sulpicio. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Laws of the First
Philippine Republic.</i> Maynila: National Historical Institute, 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“La
Velada del Club Filipino.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Independencia</i> (Maynila) Disyembre 31,
1898, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Public Laws, Annotated.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Una at Ikalawang Tomo.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Lungsod ng Quezon: Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas. Pinamatnugutan ni Sulpicio Guevarra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Villadez,
P. P. “Notas de la semana.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Independencia</i> (Maynila) Disyembre 31,
1898, p. 1. ●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</span>
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</script>Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-65792587914595745122015-11-25T18:50:00.003-08:002015-12-16T21:53:19.048-08:00More On the Term Filipino<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This is my
response to Pepe’s blog </span><a href="https://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/2015/11/09/but-jon-royeca-still-has-to-categorically-define-what-a-filipino-is/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;">But Jon Royeca still has to
CATEGORICALLY define what a Filipino is</span></span></i></a><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>which is his repudiation of my
earlier blog, </span><a href="file:///D:/jero/Blog/Blog/Blogspot/Jon%20E_%20Royeca%20My%20Response%20to%20Pepe’s%20"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;">My Response to Pepe’s</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">“Clarifying a misconception on the
DEFINITION OF ‘Filipino’”</span></i></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Your Name Is
Your Identity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pepe wailed that I have yet to make a
clear-cut definition of the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i>.
Says he with a palpably suppressed vehemence:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But Royeca, for
FAILING to CATEGORICALLY define what a Filipino is, simply opted to beat
around the bush. Nevertheless, I should not be too hard on him even
if he belittled my use of poetry as a source material. After all,
he has already boxed himself to the shock of encountering Fr. Chirino’s
definition of Filipino. So I’ll just let him enjoy
this refractory period of his.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Remember, boys
and girls: declaring a historical evidence to the public to point out
something is not enough. It always has to be interpreted with a good amount of
critical thinking. And to end this, Royeca (and his partner Nonoy Regalado)
should understand that IDENTITY has to stand on what you call YOURSELF and
not what others CALL YOU.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I wonder where Pepe picked up this rule:
“</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IDENTITY has to
stand on what you call YOURSELF and not what others CALL YOU.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepe must know that when it comes to identity, this is
the universal rule and practice: Once a baby is born, his parents give him a
name, and that name becomes his identity, even if he still does not know that
it is his name and it is the name that he is supposed to call himself. This
rule and practice has been with humanity since the emergence of civilization.
While the rule Pepe wants to inject into our veins is a recent philosophy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let us make Pepe himself an example for this universal
rule and practice. When Pepe was born, his parents gave him the name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pepe</i>. Since then, that has already
become his name, his identity, and what he is supposed to call himself. But
being an infant then, Pepe was not yet aware that it was already his name, his
identity, and what he was supposed to call himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Just because </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepe was not yet aware then that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pepe</i> was his name, his identity, and
what he was supposed to call himself, then <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pepe</i>
was not yet his name, identity, and what he was supposed to call himself?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When will <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pepe</i>
finally become his name, his identity, and what he is supposed to call himself?
Only when he becomes aware that it is his name, his identity, and what he is
supposed to call himself?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have already made my concrete
stand on what a Filipino is and who the first Filipinos were on this blog</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://jonroyeca.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-term-filipino-question-of-identity.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="color: blue;">The Term
Filipino: A Question of Identity</span></span></i></a><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let me repeat what I said on this blog about the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The manner of
using the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> to refer to
the natives of the Philippines is similar to the manner of giving a new-born
baby his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“When a baby is
born, his parents give him a name; for example, Mark. Although the baby is not
yet conscious that his name is Mark and that he is thus called, that name is
already his identity. It would be senseless to assert that because the baby is
not yet aware of his name, his name is not yet his identity and that his name
will only become his identity once he becomes aware that it is indeed his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Only the
brainless will say: ‘This baby is named Mark, but his name is not yet his
identity because being a baby, he is not yet aware of his name.’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">An Established
Fact<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pepe charged that I was merely making an
opinion when I said that “poems belong to the ambit of creative literature;
they can be purely fictional.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I was not endorsing an opinion there. I
was restating an established fact. Poems are really fictional creations. Even
if they are written in a straightforward language, they are still not
definitive material for historical research, unless the subjects of the
research are the poems themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<br />
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Poetry: Unreliable
Source<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">We, students of history, learn that
poems are not primary sources; hence, they cannot be reliable material for
historical research. The historian may cite them to indicate what people
believed in during a particular period of history. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ancient
Filipinos believed that the first man and the first woman came out of reeds,
and this belief is recorded in their epic poetry.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The historian may write stuff like that,
but no historian in his right mind would dare make an embarrassing blunder like
this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“The
very first Filipino man and the very first Filipino woman were undeniably
created out of reeds, because the epic poetry of ancient Filipinos said so.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">As to the poem of Luiz Rodriguez Varela,
a historian may quote it and elucidate something like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“An
insular from Tondo, Manila, Luis Rodriguez Varela, wrote a poem in 1812 which
flagrantly declared that the first Filipinos were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">But again, no historian whose sanity has
not yet fallen towards his bottom will claim a supposition like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“It
is indisputably clear that the first Filipinos were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i> because Luis Rodriguez Varela, an insular from Tondo,
Manila, wrote a poem in 1812 which said it so.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Varela vs.
Chirino et al.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">For Pepe, the poem of Luis Rodriguez
Varela is more authoritative than the accounts of Spanish missionaries like Fr.
Pedro Chirino, Fr. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Francisco Colin, Fr. Ignacio
Francisco Alcina, and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></i>Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepe
must also be reminded that during Spanish rule of the Philippines, the Church
and State were united to act as the government of the Philippine Islands. The
act of one had the knowledge and consent of the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
accounts of Spanish missionaries were official because those missionaries were
working under the Spanish colonial government of the Philippine Islands. Thus,
those accounts are authoritative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varela
must not have read those accounts. Hence, he wrote a poem which innocently or
stupidly stated that the first Filipinos were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i>. And now we have a Pepe who holds firm—with a die-hard
passion—to that innocent or stupid mistake of Varela. Says Pepe:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These were Miguel López de Legazpi and
those peninsular Spaniards, both military and friar, who were with him, who opted
to <i>stay here</i> and <i>die here</i>. In effect, they ceased to
become Spaniards. They became <i>Felipenos</i> or those who saw King
Felipe II as their sovereign (in the same vein that the
vassals of Carlos XI of Sweden were called <i>Carolinos</i>, the
vassals of King Fernando VII <i>Fernandinos</i>, and so on and so
forth).”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can Pepe show any document proving that Legazpi and the
other first <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i> in the
Philippines called themselves <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Felipenos</i>?
If there is such a document, then that is a primary source, our discussion will
be put to an end, and Pepe wins the argument. But if Pepe can only cling on to
a pedestrian poem, then we are in danger of being fed with another defective
theory in Philippine history. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jose and José<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let
me point out that the name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jose</i> is
not spelled incorrectly. Rizal usually used <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">José</i>,
but there were instances when he also used <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jose</i>.
Pepe should consult books which contain facsimiles of Rizal’s handwritten
letters, manuscripts, and other writings, like the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diarios y Memorias por Jose Rizal<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cartas Entre Rizal y los Miembros de Familia<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cartas Entre Rizal y el Professor Fernando
Blumentritt<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Escritos Politicos e Historicos por Jose Rizal<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Facsímiles de los Escritos de Jose Rizal</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Individual
Opinion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">We live in a country whose Constitution
guarantees freedom of expression for the citizens. With this rock-solid civil
right, everyone is entitled to his own thoughts and opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">As one person who prefers a genteel discourse
and abhors mobocracy, I always respect other people’s beliefs and preferences.
And so, to make Pepe gravitate towards my findings on what the term Filipino is
and who the first Filipinos were, I will not lift a slab of concrete, present
it before him, smash it on his head with all my might, and tell him, “Hey, this
is what really happened!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Let individual opinions—including shoddy
opinions—stand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-1390600788276558332015-11-24T20:23:00.000-08:002016-03-07T01:15:31.541-08:00Opisyal na Nagkaroon ng Araw ni Bonifacio Dahil sa Isang Amerikano<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhilQGpW4y5a0NukwfmPQeo_G2SinCIjQlhze6vU-BbOF3czNcGp9M83pnwQZ-YYysklR0DCOD9p38LGJTM5i0yFgm9ju6JvbLehDpZVAi2DJDaT9nJLZwfHXGXFFi8Mqw0qXO7BkCV3xs/s1600/006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhilQGpW4y5a0NukwfmPQeo_G2SinCIjQlhze6vU-BbOF3czNcGp9M83pnwQZ-YYysklR0DCOD9p38LGJTM5i0yFgm9ju6JvbLehDpZVAi2DJDaT9nJLZwfHXGXFFi8Mqw0qXO7BkCV3xs/s640/006.jpg" width="456" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuM3QEpRHbNp-Z-zpTHSZBR92DjKAm_ylooBzxmBAK6ilRHrcRrFqQNhecix2NuUFRrfORyPg4VeuteMisXJI4rpHxX12I2mlfGXJlxU2dJWIWC4OVXIqVhQeO1WQFrBIhK9Us3MZxeI/s1600/007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuM3QEpRHbNp-Z-zpTHSZBR92DjKAm_ylooBzxmBAK6ilRHrcRrFqQNhecix2NuUFRrfORyPg4VeuteMisXJI4rpHxX12I2mlfGXJlxU2dJWIWC4OVXIqVhQeO1WQFrBIhK9Us3MZxeI/s640/007.jpg" width="470" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">OPISYAL na nagkaroon ng pagdiriwang ng
Araw ni Bonifacio (<i>Bonifacio Day</i>),
dahil sa isang batas na inaprubahan ng isang mananakop na pinunòng Amerikano.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong 1921, n</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ilagdaan ng
Amerikanong Gobernador Heneral na si Francis B. Harrison ang batas (Akta
Publika Blg. 2946) na nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre (araw ng kapanganakan
ni Bonifacio) bílang Araw ni Bonifacio, dahil ayon sa batas na ito, si
Bonifacio ang “bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal” at “bayani sa gawaing para sa
kalayaan at kasarinlan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang batas na iyon na nilagdaan ni Harrison
ang kauna-unahang batas na nagtatakda sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre bílang isang
pambansang pista opisyal. Ang mga sumunod pang batas tungkol sa Araw ni
Bonifacio ay pagtalima na lámang sa </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pinasimulan ng batas na
iyon—ang pagdiriwang sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre bílang isang pista opisyal.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang Paggawa
ng mga Batas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa panahon ng pananakop ng Estados Unidos
sa Pilipinas (1898-1946), ang kagawaran ng pamahalaan na may kapangyarihang
magpanukala, magbalangkas, at magpása ng mga batas ay ang batasan na tinatawag
na <i>Philippine Assembly</i> (Kapulungan ng
Pilipinas) noong 1907-16, <i>Philippine
Legislature</i> (Batasan ng Pilipinas) noong 1916-35, <i>National Assembly</i> (Batasang Pambansa) noong 1935-40, at <i>Congress</i> (Kongreso) noong 1940-46. Ang
mga kasapi nito ay mga Pilipino na inihahalal ng mga botanteng Pilipino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Subalit ang may kapangyarihan na
sang-ayunan o i-veto (hindi aprubahan) ang isang panukalang batas ay ang
Gobernador Heneral na Amerikano, na siya ring tumatayông pinunò ng Pilipinas.
Kung sang-ayon ang Gobernador Heneral sa isang panukalang batas ng mga
mambabatas, lalagdaan niya iyon upang maging ganap nang batas. Kung ibe-veto
niya, hindi magiging batas ang isang panukalang batas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa panahon ng panunungkulan ni Harrison
bílang gobernador heneral (1913-21), limang panukalang batas ng <i>Philippine Legislature</i> ang kanyang
nai-veto. Ang pumalit sa kanya na si Leonard Wood ay may nai-veto na 16 na
panukalang batas sa unang taon nito. Mahigit 100 panukalang batas ang nai-veto
lahat ni Wood sa loob ng kanyang panunungkulan (1921-27).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Inaprubahan
ng Isang Amerikano<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Si Sen. Lope K. Santos ang nagpanukala sa
Batasan ng Pilipinas ng isang batas na magdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre
bílang Araw ni Bonifacio. At si Harrison ang nag-apruba sa panukalang batas na
iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung hindi nilagdaan ni Harrison, hindi
magiging batas ang panukalang iyon. At kung sakaling ang panukalang batas na
iyon ni Santos ay napabílang sa limang batas na nai-veto ni Harrison, hindi
talaga magkakaroon ng Araw ni Bonifacio. Subalit dahil nga sa pagsang-ayon at
lagda ng isang mananakop na pinunòng Amerikano, nagkaroon ng gayong pista
opisyal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang Opisyal
na Pagtatanghal kay Bonifacio Bilang Bayani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Upang opisyal na maitanghal na bayani ang
isang tao, may mga batas na ipinapása at ipinatutupad ang pamahalaan. Hindi
kasi maaaring ang isang dakilang tao ay manatiling bayani sa salita lámang.
Kailangang maging opisyal ang pagkilala ng pamahalaan at sambayanan sa pagiging
bayani niya sa pamamagitan ng mga batas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga sumusunod na batas at hakbang ay
isinagawa upang opisyal nang maitanghal na isang bayani si Bonifacio:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. <i>Akta
Publika Blg. 2760</i>—ang batas na magpapagawa ng isang Pambansang Monumento ni
Bonifacio sa Lungsod ng Caloocan. Nilagdaan ito ng Amerikanong Gobernador
Heneral na si Francis B. Harrison upang ganap na maging batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
noong 1918</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. <i>Akta
Publika Blg. 2946</i>—ang batas na nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre (araw ng kapanganakan ni Bonifacio) bílang
Araw ni Bonifacio (<i>Bonifacio Day</i>),
dahil ayon sa batas na ito, si Bonifacio nga raw ang “bayaning pangalawa kay
Rizal” at “bayani sa gawaing para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan.” Nilagdaan nga rin
ito ni Harrison upang maging ganap nang batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> noong 1921</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. <i>Akta
Publika Blg. 3602</i>—ang batas na naglalaan ng ₱97,000 para sa Pambansang
Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Caloocan. Nilagdaan naman ito ng Amerikanong
Gobernador Heneral na si Dwight F. Davis upang maging ganap na ring batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
noong 1929</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Nob. 30, 1933—Binigyang-parangal na ang
bágong-gawa na Pambansang Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Caloocan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Isang
Kasinungalingan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">May isang kasinungalingan tungkol kay
Bonifacio na matagal nang ipinakakalat ng ilang tao. Noong panahon ng pananakop
ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas, hindi raw pinayagan ng mga Amerikano na
maideklarang isang bayani si Bonifacio, dahil banta raw sa pananakop ng Estados
Unidos ang imahe niyang mapanghimagsik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kapag ginaya raw ng mga Pilipino ang imahe
ni Bonifacio, magrerebelde raw silá laban sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos. Kayâ,
sa pangkalahatan, hindi raw hinikayat ng mga Amerikano na dakilain bílang
bayani si Bonifacio. Ipinagwalang-bahala at isinantabi raw siya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Subalit kítang-kítang naman mula sa mga
talâ ng kasaysayan na pinayagan ng mga mananakop na Amerikano na ituring si
Bonifacio na isang bayani. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung banta si Bonifacio at ang
kanyang diwang mapanghimagsik sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas, kung
ang imahe ni Bonifacio ay ang makipaglaban para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan, at kung
hindi hinikayat ng mga Amerikano na dakilain bílang bayani si Bonifacio,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bakit
pumayag ang mga Amerikano na si Bonifacio ay:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Maitanghal bílang ang “bayaning
pangalawa kay Rizal” at <i>“bayani sa
gawaing para sa</i> <i>kalayaan at
kasarinlan”</i>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Magkaroon ng isang pambansang pistal
opisyal?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Maging isa sa dadalawang Pilipino na may
pambansang pista opisyal (ang isa pa ay si Rizal)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Magkaroon ng isang pambansang
monumento—monumento na makikíta at titingalain ng mga Pilipino?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. At maging isa sa dadalawang Pilipino na
may pambansang monumento (ang isa pa ay si Rizal)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mga
Argumento<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang argumento ng mga anti-Rizal ay si Rizal
daw ay<i> American-sponsored national</i>
<i>hero</i> o ang pinili ng mga Amerikano na maging pambansang bayani,
dahil naging pambansang bayani raw siya sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga
Amerikano at mga Amerikano raw ang nag-apruba sa kanyang pagiging pambansang
bayani. Kung susundan ang argumentong iyan, mabubuo ang panibagong argumento na
ito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dahil naitanghal si Bonifacio bílang isang
bayani sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga Amerikano, at mga awtoridad na Amerikano
pa ang sumang-ayon sa pagtatanghal sa kanya bílang isang bayani, masasabi bang
si Bonifacio ay isang <i>American-sponsored hero</i> o bayaning ang pagiging
bayani ay inimbento ng mga Amerikano?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Talâsanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Agoncillo,
Teodoro A. <i>History of the Filipino People</i>.
Lungsod ng Quezon: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Public Laws, Annotated.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lungsod ng Quezon: Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas. Sulpicio Guevarra, patnugot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Zaide,
Gregorio F. <i>The Pageant of Philippine
History</i>. Ikalawang Tomo. Maynila: Philippine Education Company, 1979.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ●</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</script>Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-71359398467216297382015-11-24T20:14:00.001-08:002015-12-16T21:56:00.355-08:00Renato Constantino’s Erroneous Interpretation of Apolinario Mabini’s Letter Dated December 17, 1898<br />
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYlIRtWWRwSF4xKR-ngxI11OJi2QhLGTRLgTsYHxWICAYD5i21A0svuhlSXTmpFrptvsJt2Urrpt0jHRCy1GWUvx0oU38E3Gplx8oJ0a9QJnFd6OcBzgHUjXFlUqU1D6_1B_7zfmIPLw/s1600/The+Letters+of+Apolinario+Mabini.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYlIRtWWRwSF4xKR-ngxI11OJi2QhLGTRLgTsYHxWICAYD5i21A0svuhlSXTmpFrptvsJt2Urrpt0jHRCy1GWUvx0oU38E3Gplx8oJ0a9QJnFd6OcBzgHUjXFlUqU1D6_1B_7zfmIPLw/s640/The+Letters+of+Apolinario+Mabini.jpg" width="454" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SOMETIME in the latter part of 1898,
Apolinario Mabini received a letter from an old friend, Emilio Jacinto. Mabini
was then serving as the top political adviser of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo,
president of the Philippine Revolutionary Government. The government was then
headquartered in Malolos, Bulacan. Jacinto was the former right-hand man of
Andres Bonifacio, founder of the Katipunan who was arrested, tried, and executed
in May 1897 for his alleged rebellion against Aguinaldo’s government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In his letter, Jacinto was asking Mabini
if he could come to Malolos to enroll in a law course at the Literary
University of the Philippines, which had just been established by Aguinaldo’s
government. Jacinto also requested Mabini to ask Aguinaldo if “what had
happened before” (the Bonifacio-Aguinaldo rivalry) would not affect his stay in
Malolos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Response<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mabini answered Jacinto in a letter,
which runs thus in full:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Malolos,
December 17, 1898<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“MR.
EMILIO JACINTO<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“My
very dear Friend:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Many
thanks for your present. During the first days, I pretended not to remember
you, fearing that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">they</b> would not
approve of our friendship. I needed, then, all their faith in me so that I
could give the stamp of regularity on the progress of the government, although
I did not accomplish this fully.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“When
I received your letter, I sent someone to ask Captain Emilio whether you could
stay in Malolos with the assurance that nobody would trouble you <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">for what had taken place before</b>. He
answered yes, adding that you should forget everything.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Regarding
your matriculation fees, it is necessary that you come personally because,
having lost your certificate, you have to present an affidavit, signed by two
witnesses, to the effect that you have finished First Year Law and you were
actually taking up Second Year course. There is still time. December 1st is the
deadline.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“I
am glad of your coming because I am confident that you can be of great help to
us.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“I
am ever at your service in anything that I can be of help.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“AP.
MABINI”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Source: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Letters of Apolinario Mabini</i>, Manila: National Heroes
Commission, 1965, p. 81.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In his own letter, Mabini was 1)
assuring Jacinto that nobody would cause him any trouble in Malolos; 2) telling
Jacinto to forget the sad events of the past; and 3) instructing Jacinto how to
enroll in a law course at the Literary University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Those contents of Mabini’s letter are
very clear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Misinterpretation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In his book <i><span style="color: black;">The Philippines: A Past Revisited</span></i><span style="color: black;"> (Quezon City: </span></span><span lang="EN-PH" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">Tala Publishing Services, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1975), historian Renato Constantino quoted the said Mabini’s
letter and concluded:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Emilio Jacinto, for one, was still operating independently and as
late as after the Malolos government had already been organized he was still
being invited by Mabini to join Aguinaldo”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (p.
212).<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Constantino erred in his
interpretation of Mabini’s letter because in the said letter, Mabini was not
inviting Jacinto to become part of Aguinaldo’s government. It was Jacinto who was
willing to come to Malolos to pursue his law studies and fulfill his childhood
dream of becoming a lawyer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-36270433236294875532015-11-12T22:56:00.002-08:002015-12-16T21:57:10.405-08:00Renato Constantino’s Erroneous Interpretation of the Philippine Independence Proclamation Document on June 12, 1898<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47A_EHBwNY8gT7VR7ofQ8w0mXZ_ecilWtY04qq5MGtKg-kltYFaFjty5XZQbPTdzwH9DBILla8_X40TD_0l-XwvMmzrDl0rNGLHRZWe3MzQUEtSctPMtuIlYnT9ijfJJILnEEE09E9GU/s1600/June+12%252C+1898+and+Other+Related+Documents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47A_EHBwNY8gT7VR7ofQ8w0mXZ_ecilWtY04qq5MGtKg-kltYFaFjty5XZQbPTdzwH9DBILla8_X40TD_0l-XwvMmzrDl0rNGLHRZWe3MzQUEtSctPMtuIlYnT9ijfJJILnEEE09E9GU/s640/June+12%252C+1898+and+Other+Related+Documents.jpg" width="483" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ON the afternoon of Sunday, June 12,
1898, from the front windows of his house in Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit),
Cavite, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence from Spanish
rule through cries of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Viva la
independencia</i>” (Long live independence). The event was witnessed by
government officials, military officers, soldiers, and town residents. As a
written proof of the proclamation, a document titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta de la proclamación de</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">independencia
del pueblo</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> (Act of Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People) was signed by more than 100 persons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In his popular book <i><span style="color: black;">The Philippines: A Past Revisited</span></i><span style="color: black;"> (Quezon City: </span></span><span lang="EN-PH" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">Tala Publishing Services, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1975), historian Renato Constantino claimed that what was
proclaimed on June 12, 1898, was not full independence but a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">protectorate</i>. Protectorate means a
territory, colony, or nation under the sovereignty or rule of another nation.
Below is Constantino’s affirmation on p. 211 of his book.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Part
of the declaration says:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“And summoning as witness of the
rectitude of our intentions, the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the
protection of the Mighty and Humane North American nation, we proclaim and
solemnly declare, in the name and by authority of the inhabitants of all these
Philippine Islands, that they are and have the right to be free and
independent, that they be free from all submission to the Crown of Spain, that
every political tie between the two is and must be completely severed and
annulled. . . .<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“As the passage indicates, while the
June 12 statement was a declaration of independence from Spain, it put the
United States in the special position of protector of that independence.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Constantino, the passage “under the protection of the Mighty and Humane North
American Nation” meant that the United States became the protector of
Philippine independence, and so the heading of this subject in his book is “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protectorate Proclaimed</b>” (p. 211).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misinterpretation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
an erroneous interpretation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
that passage and the entire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta</i> are
read carefully, it would clearly be seen that it was not independence which was
under American protection, but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">we</i></b>: the signers of the document or
the Filipino revolutionary leaders. While summoning God as witness and while
under the protection of the United States, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they</i></b> (the signers) declared
independence. It’s very clear, isn’t it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And summoning as witness of the rectitude
of our intentions, the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection
of the Mighty and Humane North American nation, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">we</b> proclaim and solemnly declare … .</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
was no protectorate proclaimed. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta</i>
itself clarified that the Philippine Islands, “like all free and independent
States, … have the full authority to declare war, conclude peace, celebrate
mercantile treaties, contract alliances, regulate commerce, and realize all
other acts and things that all Independent States have the right to do.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
phrase <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all free and independent states</i>
put the Philippines on an equal footing—not under—with <i>all</i><b> </b>free
and independent nations of the world, including the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aguinaldo
clarified that in his proclamation of January 5, 1899:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“I sincerely declare that never in
Singapore, Hong Kong, or even here in the Philippines have I ever favored any
treaty, by word or in writing, to recognize the sovereignty of America in this
land (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Independencia</i>, January 5,
1899, p. 1).”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below
is my published essay on this matter.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9tY0uI7b9xwU8RoVm8nhB6CJko5wyIQRXrdxhAtmpV7Ml6vIYtNZVpdoYx0mik2WdXeSKqCe5RP0EAnH6PC0YsRSsf6godlBTvvMrfPKz_sFbrcoT5lXM2kMtlTnFDbYfaILe8OFHkrw/s1600/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9tY0uI7b9xwU8RoVm8nhB6CJko5wyIQRXrdxhAtmpV7Ml6vIYtNZVpdoYx0mik2WdXeSKqCe5RP0EAnH6PC0YsRSsf6godlBTvvMrfPKz_sFbrcoT5lXM2kMtlTnFDbYfaILe8OFHkrw/s640/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+1.jpg" width="488" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBZYH_fr_156oEnRg99sMryeOTrBTyt6Rndma_P14i9LtxZmot8EVwNM9I8rH97uVLQQxasDL8tNviQhX7jCAe0X2F4OOrz_mOYBM7FGZ8_CbrTgyQ-xIQLN7By2K4jjXnDLDoQrq1UY/s1600/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBZYH_fr_156oEnRg99sMryeOTrBTyt6Rndma_P14i9LtxZmot8EVwNM9I8rH97uVLQQxasDL8tNviQhX7jCAe0X2F4OOrz_mOYBM7FGZ8_CbrTgyQ-xIQLN7By2K4jjXnDLDoQrq1UY/s640/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+2.jpg" width="478" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitco-SUy0OpEvByz3KvM8v-CdJqyus4y3orev9dOKj-oYtExFn1V4r_LsZjQ_c2VtGOF1r7IySVC7LswSrkDoatJdXIx7Ytw9LMMIkYH9fs9UJ9RX9D3Cwg1cRbqoYKyE4IZZDwxOvklg/s1600/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitco-SUy0OpEvByz3KvM8v-CdJqyus4y3orev9dOKj-oYtExFn1V4r_LsZjQ_c2VtGOF1r7IySVC7LswSrkDoatJdXIx7Ytw9LMMIkYH9fs9UJ9RX9D3Cwg1cRbqoYKyE4IZZDwxOvklg/s640/June+12%252C+1898+Protectorate+3.jpg" width="502" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-57933188619190395822015-10-11T03:12:00.001-07:002015-12-16T21:54:18.281-08:00May Dalawang Mukha si Apolinario Mabini, ang Dakilang Lumpiya, este, Lumpo palá<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-gEEviEM9ZOeY3bYbwNSFyWgz0aVyJZe8WsHiirCF_qW_3cGIZr9rxTY4sN6-hnNSUGWpXCzC9JqjXkjYe9p2K4pdXOE5n4VQjT5Xwyg9xbkJoW6ckWl45WVgxBOoM9wZrX0R37Aa51k/s1600/Mabini+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-gEEviEM9ZOeY3bYbwNSFyWgz0aVyJZe8WsHiirCF_qW_3cGIZr9rxTY4sN6-hnNSUGWpXCzC9JqjXkjYe9p2K4pdXOE5n4VQjT5Xwyg9xbkJoW6ckWl45WVgxBOoM9wZrX0R37Aa51k/s640/Mabini+1.png" width="563" /></a></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Nang si Apolinario Mabini ay bahagi pa ng pamahalaan ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo (mula Hunyo 1898 hanggang Disyembre 1899), may mga sinasabi siya tungkol kay Hen. Antonio Luna na sagaran niyang pinaninindigan.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Sa isang liham kay Aguinaldo na may petsang ika-6 ng Marso 1899, sinabi ni Mabini:</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“Mr. President: Many complaints have been directed to us here against the abuses committed by General Luna. People say that he published an edict a few days ago threatening to shoot without due process of law those who would violate his orders. In Bocaue, he ordered a Chinese shot without due process of law. …</em></span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“If you can put another in his place, it would be much better.”</em></span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Sa isa pang liham kay Aguinaldo na may petsang ika-7 ng Marso 1899, idinagdag ni Mabini:</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“Mr. President: Do not offer Luna the undersecretaryship of war, which was formerly the directorship, because we need for that post someone who understands office work, the organization of the army, and the laws governing war. …</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em></em></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em>“If he is not good for the army, the less he will be for the office, because he is a despot. …</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em></em></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em>“He is a chemist and knows something about trenches, but he will not do for politics and law.”</em></span></div>
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</div>
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Nang mapatay si Luna ng mga tauhan ni Aguinaldo noong ika-5 ng Hunyo 1899, halos magalak si Mabini. Sa isang liham kay Dr. Isidoro de Santos na may petsang ika-25 ng Hulyo 1899, sinabi ni Mabini:</div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“Among us, although I deplore and condemn the violent death of Luna, his demise had warded off a threatening tempest. Luna aimed high, convinced maybe that he was more cultured than ‘Puno’ (Aguinaldo) … That is why he aspired to the presidency of the Council with the portfolio of war.”</em></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
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<span class="_5yi-"><strong>Nag-iba ang Ihip ng Hangin</strong></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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Nang si Mabini ay nadakip ng mga mananakop na Amerikano at itinapon sa Guam (mula Enero 1900 hanggang Peb. 1902), at sa gayon ay wala na sa gobyerno ni Aguinaldo, iba na ang mga sinasabi niya tungkol kay Luna at maging kay Aguinaldo mismo. Sa kanyang aklat na <span class="_5yi_">La Revolucion Filipina</span> (Ang Himagsikang Pilipino), na inumpisahan niyang isulat nang nása Guam siya, sinabi niya:</div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“To say that if Aguinaldo, instead of killing Luna, had supported him with all his power, the Revolution would have triumphed, would be presumption indeed, but I have not the least doubt that the Americans would have had a higher regard for the courage and military abilities of the Filipinos. Had Luna been alive, I am sure that Otis’s mortal blow would have been parried or at least timely prevented, and Mr. Aguinaldo’s unfitness for military command would not have been exposed so clearly….</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“To sum it up, the Revolution failed because it was badly led; because its leader won his post by reprehensible rather than meritorious acts; because instead of supporting the men most useful to the people, he made them useless out of jealousy.”</em></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
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<span class="_5yi-"><strong>Lumpiya nga</strong></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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Iyan si Mabini, ang paninindigan ay hindi matibay at malambot—para ngang lumpiya. Dalawa ang ipinakita niyang mukha sa kasaysayan: Todo-suporta dati kay Aguinaldo, pero sa bandang hulí ay pakasumpa-sumpa na niya ito.</div>
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</div>
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Ang hinuha ng marami, nagbago raw ng pananaw si Mabini nang nása Guam na siya, dahil nakasalamuha raw niya roon ang mga tao na nakaaalam tungkol sa nangyari kina Aguinaldo at Andres Bonifacio. Doon na raw talagang nalaman ni Mabini ang mga tunay na pangyayari; kayâ, kinondena na niya si Aguinaldo mula noon.</div>
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</div>
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Hindi ito katanggap-tanggap. Nang nása poder pa ni Aguinaldo, alam ni Mabini ang alitan sa pagitan nina Aguinaldo at Bonifacio. Alam din niya na may kinalaman si Aguinaldo sa pagkakapatay kay Bonifacio.</div>
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</div>
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Noong Nobyembre o Disyembre 1898, tumanggap si Mabini ng isang liham mula kay Emilio Jacinto, ang dáting kanang-kamay ni Bonifacio. Gustong magpatalâ ni Jacinto bílang mag-aaral ng abugasya sa Pamantasan ng Pilipinas sa Malolos, Bulacan, ang himpilan ng pamahalaan ni Aguinaldo. Nagtatanong ito kay Mabini kung maaari siyang makapag-aral doon, nang hindi magagambala ni Aguinaldo at ng mga kakampi nito.</div>
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</div>
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Sumagot naman si Mabini kay Jacinto sa isang liham na may petsang ika-17 ng Disyembre 1898. Sinabi niyang may inutusan siyang isang tao upang tanungin si Aguinaldo tungkol sa “<span class="_5yi_">mga nangyari sa nakaraan</span>.” Sumagot naman si Aguinaldo na maaring magpunta sa Malolos si Jacinto nang walang sinumang mananakit dito. Idinagdag ni Mabini na sinabi pa ni Aguinaldo na kalimutan na raw ang lahat ng mga nangyari sa nakaraan.</div>
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<br />
</div>
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<span class="_5yi-"><strong>Tipikal na Politiko</strong></span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Ang sa akin naman, isang tipikal na politiko si Mabini. Nang nása poder pa siya ni Aguinaldo, at nakikinabang sa kapangyarihan ng pamahalaan, todo-suporta siya kay Aguinaldo. Subalit nang wala na siya sa gobyerno, at wala nang napakikinabangang anumang yaman ng pamahalaan, kinondena na niya si Aguinaldo.</div>
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</div>
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Katulad na katulad siya ng maraming politiko sa panahon natin ngayon.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong>Poncio Pilato</strong></div>
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</div>
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Bukod sa pagiging isang tipikal na politico, si Mabini ay sa ring Poncio Pilato.</div>
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</div>
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<span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g" data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0"><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.0"><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.0.$end/=1$text0/=010">Kaduda-duda kasi kung bakit nagpasirko-sirko sa kanyang pananaw kay Aguinaldo itong si Mabini. Pakapuri-puri niya kay Aguinaldo nang nása poder pa siya ng gobyerno nito, pero sa bandang hulí ay inalipusta na niya.</span><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.0.$end/=1$text1/=010" /><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.0.$end/=1$text3/=010" /><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.0.$end/=1$text4/=010">Mula Hunyo 1898 hanggang sa kasagsa</span></span><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3"><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0"><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text0/=010">gan ng himagsikan, bahagi si Mabini ng gobyerno ni Aguinaldo. Siya pa nga ang pangunahing tagapáyo ni Aguinaldo. Marami sa mga kautusang nilagdaan ni Aguinaldo ay si Mabini ang nagbalangkas. Sa pangkalahatan, kung nagtagumpay ang himagsikan at ang gobyerno ni Aguinaldo, bahagi rin sa tagumpay si Mabini.</span><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text1/=010" /><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text3/=010" /><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text4/=010">Kayâ nga lámang, bumagsak ang himagsikan at ang gobyerno ni Aguinaldo. Bahagi rin dapat ng pagbagsak at paninisi si Mabini. Tutal, naging malaki naman ang papel na ginampanan niya sa gobyerno ni Aguinaldo. </span><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text5/=010" /><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text7/=010" /><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text8/=010">Pero, ano ang ginawa ni Mabini? Sa halip na akuin at makibahagi sa kabiguan ng himagsikan at gobyerno ni Aguinaldo, nag-ala-Poncio Pilato siya. Naghugas-kamay sa harapan ng madla. Iniligtas niya ang kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng katakot-takot na pangyuyurak sa dangal ni Aguinaldo: </span><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text9/=010" /><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text11/=010" /><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text12/=010">Wala siyang kasalanan. Wala siyang kinalaman. Huwag siyang sisihin. Si Aguinaldo ang may kasalanan ng lahat. Si Aguinaldo ang dapat usigin. Mámamatáy-tao. Sakim. Gahaman. Hidhid. Si Aguinaldo, si Aguinaldo, si Aguinaldo.</span><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text13/=010" /><br data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text15/=010" /><span data-reactid=".3.1:5.0.1:$comment1637714006471721_1637917553118033/=10.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1.$comment-body.0.3.0.$end/=1$text16/=010">Ganyan din ang ginawa ni Artemio Ricarte. Nanduro ng iba, at inilayo ang sarili sa pang-uusig ng madla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<span class="_5yi-"><strong>Sanggunian</strong></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Apolinario Mabini, <span class="_5yi_"><em>The Philippine Revolution</em></span>, Maynila: National Historical Commission, 1969, p. 63. Salin sa Ingles ni Leon Ma. Guerrero.</div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>The Letters of Apolinario Mabini</em></span>, Maynila: National Heroes Commission, 1965, pp. 81, 132, 135, 201.</div>
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</div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-89460699594914372102015-10-11T03:06:00.002-07:002015-12-16T21:53:52.476-08:00Bayani Ba Si Hen. Antonio Luna?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYpWEFhRu9QqJ4ErR4OCgTzq2zAoOuKcIiyQt31UUIosybILTCHPKy1KEmGvts94b28eUB1OQaOumq4hRBvHby3O9OVyTvEGi40KvIbUyNM2fTibNhXhfBeWG6BkWetH3x31he1mLOcM/s1600/Antonio+Luna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYpWEFhRu9QqJ4ErR4OCgTzq2zAoOuKcIiyQt31UUIosybILTCHPKy1KEmGvts94b28eUB1OQaOumq4hRBvHby3O9OVyTvEGi40KvIbUyNM2fTibNhXhfBeWG6BkWetH3x31he1mLOcM/s640/Antonio+Luna.png" width="430" /></a></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
</div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Bayani ba si Hen. Antonio Luna? Ano ba ang lagay niya sa ating kasaysayan?</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi-">1. Walang panalong heneral</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Si Luna raw ang pinakamabagsik at pinakamatapang na Pilipinong heneral. Ngunit hindi siya kailanman nagwagi ng kahit na isang laban man lámang noong Himagsikan laban sa Espanya (1896-98) at Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano (1899-1906).</div>
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</div>
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Hindi siya tulad ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo na nagwagi laban sa mga hukbong Espanyol sa Labanan sa Imus, Cavite (Set. 5, 1896); Labanan sa Binakayan, Cavite (Nob. 9-11, 1896); at Labanan sa Bundok Puray, Montalban (Hunyo 14, 1897).</div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
Hindi rin siya tulad ni Hen. Gregorio Del Pilar na nagwagi laban sa mga hukbong Amerikano sa Labanan sa Quingua, Bulacan (Abril 23, 1899).</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<span class="_5yi-">2. Abusadong heneral at mámamátay-tao</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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Si Luna ay mainitin ang ulo, mahilig manampal ng mga nakakasagutan niya, at walang paggalang sa karapatang pantao. Pinatunayan ito mismo ni Apolinario Mabini sa isang liham kay Aguinaldo na may petsang ika-6 ng Marso 1899:</div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“Mr. President: Many complaints have been directed to us here against the abuses committed by General Luna. People say that he published an edict a few days ago threatening to shoot without due process of law those who would violate his orders. In Bocaue, he ordered a Chinese shot without due process of law. …”</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi-">3. Mahinang Lider</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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Si Luna ay walang sapat na kaalaman sa pakikipagdigma. Ang may sabi nito ay si Mabini mismo, sa isa pang liham kay Aguinaldo na may petsang ika-7 ng Marso 1899:</div>
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</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>“Mr. President: Do not offer Luna the undersecretaryship of war, which was formerly the directorship, because we need for that post someone who understands office work, the organization of the army, and the laws governing war. …</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em></em></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em>“If he is not good for the army, the less he will be for the office, because he is a despot. …</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em></em></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi_"><em>“He is a chemist and knows something about trenches, but he will not do for politics and law.”</em></span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
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Ilan lámang ang mga iyan ang tungkol sa pagkatao ni Luna. Kayâ, masasabi bang bayani siya?</div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
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<span class="_5yi-"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi-">Sanggunian</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_"></span> </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx">
<span class="_5yi_"><em>The Letters of Apolinartio Mabini</em></span>, Maynila: National Heroes Commission, 1965, pp. 132, 135.</div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-84666141611719741192015-09-13T00:50:00.002-07:002016-03-07T01:17:11.196-08:00My Response to Pepe’s “Clarifying a misconception on the definition of “‘Filipino’”<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This
is my response to the blog <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/2015/08/30/clarifying-a-misconception-on-the-definition-of-filipino/"><span style="color: blue;">Clarifying
a misconception on the definition of “Filipino”</span></a> </i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">posted on August 30, 2015, by </span><a href="https://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/author/filipinoscribbles/" title="View all posts by Pepe"><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pepe</span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The blog seems
to be a debunking of my own blog <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://jonroyeca.blogspot.com/2015/08/ang-malaking-pagkakamali-ni-renato.html"><span style="color: blue;">Ang
Malaking Pagkakamali ni Renato Constantino sa kanyang aklat na The Philippines:
A Past Revisited</span></a></i>, which I posted on my webpage on August 14, 2015. I
will respond in English, since Pepe’s blog was written in that language. But
please be sympathetic with my English, for it is not my first language and I
lack mastery of it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Gist<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
gist of my own blog is to point out historian Renato Constantino’s colossal blunder
in his popular book<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> The Philippines:</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Past Revisited</i><span style="color: black;">
(Quezon City: </span></span><span lang="EN-PH" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">Tala
Publishing Services, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1975).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is what Constantino exactly exposes
in the said book:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“There were five principal social
classes in Philippine society during this period. At the top of the social
pyramid were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i>,
Spaniards who came from Spain and who were given the choice positions in the
government. Next in line were the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">creoles</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insulares</i> – Spaniards born in the
Philippines who considered themselves sons of the country. They were the
original ‘Filipinos’ (p. 124).”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The first Filipinos were the
Españoles-Filipinos or creoles – Spaniards born in the Philippines. They alone
were called Filipinos (p. 151).”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The “period” Constantino speaks
about was until the middle of the 19th century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For Constantino, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">creoles</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insulares</i> (Spaniards born in the Philippines) were the original
Filipinos, the first Filipinos, and until the middle of the 19th century the
only ones called Filipinos. Were this true, then the creoles or insulares were
the first people to be called Filipinos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Such allegation clearly rams against
the records of history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the books of Spanish priests
Pedro Chirino (1604), Francisco Colin (1663), Francisco Ignacio Alcina (1668),
and Juan Francisco de San Antonio (1738), the natives of the Philippines were
called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naturales</i> (natives), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nativos</i> (natives), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">indios</i> (Easterners), and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>
(native-born inhabitants of the Philippines).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was Chirino—in his book which he
wrote beginning in 1590 and which was published in 1604—who was the first to
use the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> to refer to the
natives of the Philippines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence, Constantino’s allegation that
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insulares</i> were the original
Filipinos, the first Filipinos, and until the middle of the 19th century the
only ones called Filipinos is a fatal error.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Las Islas
Filipinas<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On his blog, Pepe says:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To my observation, Royeca and Regalado
did not tell us the <u>complete</u> definition of the term Filipino. Although
they did share primary sources showing how the word Filipino was defined during
the early years of our country’s vassalage under the Spanish monarchy, I
wonder if they even bothered to ask themselves <b>WHY</b> the early
Filipinos were called as such. I ask <b>WHY</b> because the name Filipino
is <u>NOT EVEN INDIGENOUS</u>, meaning to say, the term does not come from any
native language like that of the Tagálogs, the Visayans, the Aetas, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“To further emphasize this: the term Filipino is not a Tagálog word.
The term Filipino is not a Visayan word. The term Filipino is certainly
not an Aeta word. And so on and so forth. <b>The name Filipino is Spanish</b>,
thus the impossibility of the notion that the demonym used for the <i>indios</i>
(as the indigenous were generally referred to at that time) had
some natural or indigenous etymological imprint whatsoever. Due to
this, Royeca and Regalado must now categorically point out <b>WHY</b>
Fr. Chirino called the natives as Filipinos. Certainly, there must be a reason
why the good friar called them as such.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Spaniards called the natives <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>
because they were the native inhabitants of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">las</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islas Filipinas</i>—the official name
that the Spaniards had given to the archipelago. Since <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">las Islas</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinas</i> was
already the name of the archipelago, it was only natural for the Spaniards to
call its natives <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> is not
indigenous is very obvious because it came from the Spanish name of the
archipelago—<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">las Islas Filipinas</i>. Its
being very obvious instantly renders useless any effort of pointing out that it
is not a Tagalog, Visayan, or any other native word.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natives: “We are Filipinos!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On his blog, Pepe challenges:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“And, to reiterate, while both of them successfully
pointed out that Fr. Chirino called Tagálogs, Visayans, Aetas, etc. as
Filipinos, can they also point out any <b><u>indigenous individual</u></b> who
called himself a Filipino during the Spanish times?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jose Rizal and his fellow natives of the Philippines called themselves
Filipinos while living and studying in Spain and other countries in Europe. They
were the first generation of natives of the Philippines who called themselves
Filipinos. In a letter to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt dated April
13, 1887, Rizal said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“They are creole young men of Spanish descent, Chinese half-breeds, and
Malayans; but we call ourselves only Filipinos” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rizal-Blumentritt</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Correspondence</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Centennial</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edition, Part 1, Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial
Commission, 1961, p. 72).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulares<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On his blog, Pepe charges:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“In addition, Both Royeca and Regalado are also proven wrong when they
implied, wittingly or unwittingly, that the <i>insulares</i> or Spaniards
born in the islands were not called Filipinos at any time in our history.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have not indirectly or directly made it appear that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insulares</i> were never called Filipinos. I
was disputing Constantino’s claim that the insulares were the first, the
original, and until the 1850’s the only ones called Filipinos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peninsulares</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
The First Filipinos?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
blatantly claiming on his blog that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i>
were the first Filipinos, Pepe relied entirely on a poem written by an insular,
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luis Rodríguez
Varela of Tondo, Manila, in 1812.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varela’s edict that the first Filipinos were the vassals of Spain is frighteningly
incorrect. He must not have read the accounts of Spanish missionaries, which
categorically proved that the natives of the Philippines were the first people
to be called Filipinos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poems belong to the ambit of creative literature. They can be purely
fictional. And so utilizing them as a source for one bold historical claim—like
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peninsulares</i> were the original
Filipinos—is an amateurish and slapdash crack at historiography.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have a little more to say about this matter on my other blog, <a href="http://jonroyeca.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-term-filipino-question-of-identity.html"><span style="color: blue;">The
Term Filipino: A Question of Identity</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</script>Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-55473390476089668362015-09-13T00:44:00.000-07:002015-12-16T22:06:35.485-08:00The Term Filipino: A Question of Identity<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> was first used
in the 1590’s, and the first time it was used it referred to the Tagalogs,
Visayans, Aetas, and other natives of the Philippines. Thus, it is safe to
state that the natives of the Philippines themselves, being the first people to
be called Filipinos, were the first Filipinos and the original Filipinos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first usage of the term can be found in the book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relación de las Islas Filipinas</i>, which the Spanish Jesuit
missionary Fr. Pedro Chirino wrote beginning in 1590 and which was published in
Rome, Italy, in 1604.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The other books that also used the term to refer to the natives of the
Philippines were </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Labor Evangelica</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> (Madrid, 1663)
by Fr. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Francisco Colin; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historia de las islas e indios de</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisayas</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">… 1668</i> (Samar, 1668) by Fr. Ignacio Francisco Alcina; and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> Descripción de
las islas</span></i><span style="color: black;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philipinas</i> (</span>Manila, 1738) by Fr. Juan Francisco de San
Antonio. The
missionaries also called, aside from <em>Filipino, </em> the natives <em>naturales</em>
(natives), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nativos</i> (natives), and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">indios</i> (Easterners). Those terms became
the unifying identities of the natives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, since the Spaniards were
bigots, most of them preferred the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">indio</i>
to refer to the natives during their rule of the Philippines (1565-1898). They
used it to demean the natives by giving it bad connotations like “monkeys,”
“uneducated,” and “undeserving of civilization.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Question of Identity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The manner of using the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i>
to refer to the natives of the Philippines is similar to the manner of giving a
new-born baby his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a baby is born, his parents give him a name; for example, Mark.
Although the baby is not yet conscious that his name is Mark and that he is
thus called, that name is already his identity. It would be senseless to assert
that because the baby is not yet aware of his name, his name is not yet his
identity and that his name will only become his identity once he becomes aware
that it is indeed his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Only the brainless will say: “This baby is named Mark, but his name is not
yet his identity because being a baby, he is not yet aware of his name.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When the Spaniards called the natives of the Philippines <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i> during the early decades of
their rule, the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i> became
one of the identities of the natives, even if the natives were not yet aware
that they were already called thus and that it was already one of their new
collective names as one people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Baby Has Grown: “We are Filipinos!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the 1880’s, Jose Rizal and his fellow natives of the Philippines living
and studying in Spain and other countries in Europe called themselves
Filipinos. In a letter to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt dated April
13, 1887, Rizal said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“They are creole young men of Spanish descent, Chinese half-breeds, and
Malayans; but we call ourselves only Filipinos” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rizal-Blumentritt</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Correspondence</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Centennial</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edition, Part 1, Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial
Commission, 1961, p. 72).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Being
the first generation of enlightened Filipinos, Rizal and his fellow natives </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the
Philippines staying</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in Europe
felt that they needed a common identity to refer to themselves; thus, they
called themselves Filipinos. The term evidently meant “natives of the
Philippines.” They were the first natives </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the Philippines</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to call themselves thus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
was only in the 1880’s that the natives had become conscious that the term
Filipinos was their common identity and that they should call themselves thus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
baby had grown and finally become aware of his identity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An Outlandish Language<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When the Spanish colonial officials called the archipelago <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">las Islas Filipinas</i>, that designation became
the name of the archipelago. If someone will claim that “the Spaniards already
called the archipelago <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">las Islas
Filipinas</i>, but it was not yet the name of the archipelago,” then he is banging
his head against a thick, concrete wall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One would be speaking a nebulous language, if he stubbornly insists on erecting
the following inutile claims:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The natives were already called Filipinos, but they were not yet called
Filipinos.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The natives were already called Filipinos in the early decades of Spanish
rule, but they must only be called Filipinos beginning in the 1880’s—when they finally
became conscious that their identity was Filipinos.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-46778173847761571712015-08-17T00:57:00.001-07:002015-12-16T22:07:31.457-08:00"Veneration Without Verifying:" Ang mga Pagkakamali ni Renato Constantino sa kanyang sanaysay na “Veneration Without Understanding”<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9YKwroYjQXIykq9HGqDm3mlcsmr06NfYtichw3z2bmEG1fEv_1SRjSy0FjInnpDCV-lSXweTcfzjUt-2nZYgwmWMMmzrTofAx6LPN4WuEZYsyTE10-A361DhgbHP2QgBBHgM9n8U74c/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9YKwroYjQXIykq9HGqDm3mlcsmr06NfYtichw3z2bmEG1fEv_1SRjSy0FjInnpDCV-lSXweTcfzjUt-2nZYgwmWMMmzrTofAx6LPN4WuEZYsyTE10-A361DhgbHP2QgBBHgM9n8U74c/s640/Untitled-2.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ang táong nagpapaniwala sa sabi-sabi, walang bait
sa sarili.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">—Matandang salawikaing Tagalog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong ika-30 ng Disyembre 1969, ang
historyador na si Renato Constantino ang nagbigay ng panayam sa Ikatlong
Lektura kay Rizal. Ang layunin ng panayam ay patunayan na si Jose Rizal daw ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored national hero</i> o ang
pinili ng mga mananakop na Amerikano na maging ang pambansang bayani ng
Pilipinas. Sa kalaunan, ang panayam ay inilathala bílang sanaysay sa anyong
librito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon kay Constantino:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“It was Governor William Howard Taft who
in 1901 suggested to the Philippine Commission that the Filipinos be given a
national hero.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ano ang pinagbatayan ni Constantino sa
sinabi niyang iyon? Ang isang editoryal ng lingguhang magasing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines Free Press</i>, na nalathala sa
ika-10 pahina ng isyu nito noong ika-28 ng Disyembre 1946. Ang buong editoryal
ay nasusulat nang ganito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“‘And now gentlemen, you must have a
national hero.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“In these fateful words, addressed by
then Civil Governor Wm. H. Taft to the Filipino members of the civil commission
</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¾</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Pardo de
Tavera, Legarda, and Luzurriaga </span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¾</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
lay the genesis of Rizal day, which the Filipino people celebrate next Monday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“In the subsequent discussion in which
the rival merits of revolutionary heroes were considered, the final choice—now
universally acclaimed a wise one—was Rizal. And so was history made.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Editoryal ng
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines Free Press</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ano naman ang pinagbatayan ng sumulat ng
nasabing editoryal ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines Free</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Press</i>? <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wala</i></b>. Basta sinabi lámang
ng editoryal na iyon na may nangyari raw na púlong noong 1901, na pinili raw ni
Taft na si Rizal ang maideklarang pambansang bayani, at ang pagkakadeklara raw
na iyon ni Taft ang siyang pinagmulan ng Araw ni Rizal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rizal Day</i>). Walang anumang binanggit na sanggunian bílang
patunay—ni katiting na talâbaba (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">footnote</i>)
o talâdulo (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">endnote</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon sa editoryal, sinabi raw ni Taft sa
isang púlong na ang mga Pilipino ay dapat magkaroon ng isang pambansang bayani,
at ang mga salitang iyon daw ni Taft (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">And
now</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gentlemen, you must have a
national hero</i>”) ang siyang pinagmulan ng Araw ni Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kung ang mga salitang “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">And now gentlemen, you must have a national
hero</i>” ay nauwi sa pagkakatatag ng Araw ni Bonifacio, Araw ni Mabini, o Araw
ni Del Pilar, lilitaw na si Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, o Marcelo del
Pilar ang pinili ni Taft na maging ang pambansang bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Subalit dahil ang mga salitang iyon ni
Taft ay nauwi raw sa pagkakatatag ng Araw ni Rizal, pinalilitaw ng editoryal na
pinili ni Taft na si Rizal ang maging pambansang bayani. At upang malaman ng
publiko at maging pormal ang pagkakapili kay Rizal, dapat ay ideklara ni
Taft—bílang ang Amerikanong Gobernador Sibil noon ng Pilipinas—sa pamamagitan
ng isang batas, proklamasyon, o anupamang katulad na dokumento na si Rizal nga ang
opisyal na pinili na maging ang pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t1d6e5PRn6zLmp3pbq5TakvJ8DnmFZjQqV17tfTzHl-3vlQJxyj0IDm2O4WXb94bYdrdjZapIPa5poPOts6GNOEctqdxXJ0uv4fme1dVFZxlSVM7K7gZfT-Rt9MpnCo-1YCp-DHEhM0/s1600/Free+Press+Editorial+-+Dec.+28%252C+1946+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t1d6e5PRn6zLmp3pbq5TakvJ8DnmFZjQqV17tfTzHl-3vlQJxyj0IDm2O4WXb94bYdrdjZapIPa5poPOts6GNOEctqdxXJ0uv4fme1dVFZxlSVM7K7gZfT-Rt9MpnCo-1YCp-DHEhM0/s640/Free+Press+Editorial+-+Dec.+28%252C+1946+1.jpg" width="505" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2wfR4EPRMKyxKpLhyphenhyphenMVALVlbjV_TG1R0DRvN9xoh80g-CtCBgL5mubvPx8VTdhyphenhyphensb0Ak1hXfEX2UTSk9aAb5_jDhwNZvMiFElxuIr_T9T-Y65CjE0s5olGsSVYEVbSUbG-qbMqn-1kg/s1600/Free+Press+Editorial+-+Dec.+28%252C+1946+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2wfR4EPRMKyxKpLhyphenhyphenMVALVlbjV_TG1R0DRvN9xoh80g-CtCBgL5mubvPx8VTdhyphenhyphensb0Ak1hXfEX2UTSk9aAb5_jDhwNZvMiFElxuIr_T9T-Y65CjE0s5olGsSVYEVbSUbG-qbMqn-1kg/s640/Free+Press+Editorial+-+Dec.+28%252C+1946+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
Historyograpiya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang historyograpiya ay ang pamamaraan ng
pananaliksik at pagsusulat ng mga aklat, sanaysay, o iba pang akda sa
kasaysayan. Ayon sa disiplinang ito, kung may sasabihin o isusulat na paksa sa
kasaysayan ang isang historyador o sinupamang tao, dapat ay may sasangguniin
siyang mga batayan bílang mga patunay sa kanyang sasabihin o isusulat. At ang
kanyang mga batayan ay dapat na mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sources</i> (pangunahing sanggunian).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga halimbawa ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i> ay ang mga kautusan,
proklamasyon, at batas na inisyu ng mga pinunò ng bansa at mga tanggapan ng
pamahalaan; mga liham sa pagitan ng mga tao; at mga talaarawan. Ang ilang
konkretong halimbawa ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sources</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proklamasyon Blg. 652, serye ng 1934</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">—ang dokumento
na nagpoproklama sa sampaguita bílang ang pambansang bulaklak ng Pilipinas; nilagdaan
ito ni Gobernador Heneral Frank Murphy noong 1934.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">—ang atas na
nagpoproklama sa Tagalog bílang ang basehan ng wikang pambansa; nilagdaan ito
ni Pang. Manuel L. Quezon noong ika-30 ng Disyembre 1939.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proklamasyon Blg. 1081</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">—ang dokumento
na nagpoproklama sa pag-iral ng batas militar sa Pilipinas; nilagdaan ito ni
Pang. Ferdinand E. Marcos noong ika-21 ng Setyembre 1972.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i> na ganyan ang dapat pagbatayan ng isang historyador
sa kanyang sasabihin o isusulat na paksa. Kung wala namang makitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i> ang isang historyador
para sa kanyang paksa, maaari siyang sumangguni sa mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary sources</i> (ikalawang sanggunian).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary sources</i> ay ang mga aklat o artikulo na isinulat ng ibang
historyador. Subalit upang maging kapani-paniwala ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary sources</i>, ang mga ginamit dapat na batayan ng mga ito ay
mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i>. Kung hindi
gumamit ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i>, hindi
kapani-paniwala ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary sources</i>
na iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Unang
Pagkakamali ni Constantino<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang sumulat ng editoryal na iyon sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines Free Press</i> ay nakagawa ng
isang mabigat na pagkakamali sa historyograpiya, dahil wala siyang anumang
pinagbatayan sa kanyang sinabi. Basta sinabi lámang niya na ganoon ang mga
nangyari noong 1901. Ang editoryal na iyon ay hindi isang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary source</i> kundi isang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">source</i>, at bílang isang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">secondary source</i> ay hindi iyon
kapani-paniwala, dahil wala ngang anumang batayan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nahulog naman si Constantino sa mabigat
na pagkakamaling iyon, dahil ang naturang editoryal ang kanyang ginawang
batayan sa pagsasabing si Rizal ang pinili ni Taft na maging ang pambansang
bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dapat ang pinagbatayan ni Constantino ay
ang batas o proklamasyon mismo ni Taft na nilagdaan nito at nagsasabing pinili
nito si Rizal na maideklarang pambansang bayani. Subalit walang ganoong
dokumento, dahil walang nilagdaan si Taft na batas, proklamasyon, o anupamang
dokumento na nagdedeklara kay Rizal bílang ang pambansang bayani. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wala</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Ikalawang
Pagkakamali ni Constantino<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">May isang napakahalaga at napakarikit na
dokumento sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas—ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cautusan</i>
o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decreto</i> na nilagdaan ni Pang.
Emilio Aguinaldo noong ika-20 ng Disyembre 1898. Ang kautusang iyon ay
nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Disyembre bílang isang pambansang araw ng pagluluksa
upang gunitain ang kadakilaan ni Rizal at iba pang bayaning Pilipino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang kautusan ding iyon ang kauna-unahang
batas na nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Disyembre bílang isang pambansang pista
opisyal. Ang mga sumunod na batas tungkol sa Araw ni Rizal ay pagsang-ayon na
lámang sa tradisyon na pinasimulan ng kautusang iyon—ang paggunita sa ika-30 ng
Disyembre bílang isang pambansang pista opisyal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hindi sumangguni si Constantino sa
dokumentong iyon, o hindi talaga niya alam na may ganoong dokumento. O maaaring
nabása naman niya iyon, subalit iniwasang niyang banggitin iyon sa kanyang
lektura upang marahil ay hindi mabatid ng kanyang mga tagapakinig na mayroon
paláng ganoong dokumento.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kayâ, nahulog na naman si Constantino sa
isa pang pagkakamali: Ang umayuda sa pagpapakalat sa sabi-sabi na ang pasya raw
ni Taft na ideklarang pambansang bayani si Rizal ang siyang pinagmulan ng Araw
ni Rizal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Ikatlong
Pagkakamali ni Constantino<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon pa sa sanaysay ni Constantino, pinili
raw ng mga Amerikano si Rizal na maging ang pambansang bayani, dahil salungat
siya sa kasarinlan at madugong pakikibaka. Papabor daw ang ganoong imahe ni
Rizal sa pananakop ng Amerika, dahil magsisilbing halimbawa iyon sa mga
Pilipino na huwag lumaban sa Amerika. Kayâ, hindi raw hinikayat ng mga
Amerikano na dakilain ang iba pang bayaning Pilipino. Ayon nga kay Constantino:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“The public image that the Americans
desired for a Filipino national hero was quite clear. They favored a hero who
would not run against the grain of American colonial policy. … The heroes who
advocated independence were therefore ignored. For to have encouraged a
movement to revere Bonifacio or Mabini would not have been consistent with
American colonial policy.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si Rizal daw ang dapat dakilaing bayani.
At ang mga katulad nina Bonifacio at Mabini ay dapat isantabi, dahil salungat
at banta ang mga ito sa patakarang pananakop ng Amerika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pinayagang
Maging Bayani si Bonifacio<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa panahon ng pananakop ng Amerika sa
Pilipinas (1898-1946), hindi lámang si Rizal ang dinakila bílang bayani. Maging
ang mapusok at mapanghimagsik na si Bonifacio ay pinayagan ng mga Amerikano na
dakilain. Ang mga sumusunod na batas at hakbang ay isinagawa upang opisyal na
maitanghal na isang dakilang bayani si Bonifacio:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. <i>Akta Publika Blg. 2760</i>—ang batas na
magpapagawa ng isang Pambansang Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Lungsod ng Caloocan.
Nilagdaan ito ng Amerikanong Gobernador Heneral na si Francis B. Harrison upang
ganap na maging batas noong 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. <i>Akta Publika Blg. 2946</i>—ang batas na
nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(araw ng kapanganakan ni Bonifacio) bílang Araw ni Bonifacio (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bonifacio Day</i>), dahil ayon sa batas na
ito, si Bonifacio raw ang “bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal” at “bayani sa gawaing para
sa kalayaan at kasarinlan.” Nilagdaan din ito ni Harrison upang maging ganap
nang batas noong 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. <i>Akta Publika Blg. 3602</i>—ang batas na
naglalaan ng ₱97,000 para sa Pambansang Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Caloocan.
Nilagdaan naman ito ng Amerikanong Gobernador Heneral na si Dwight F. Davis
upang maging ganap na ring batas noong 1929.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. Nob. 30, 1933—Binigyang-parangal na
ang bágong-gawa na Pambansang Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Caloocan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Malinaw na pinayagan ng mga mananakop na
Amerikano na ituring si Bonifacio na isang bayani. Kung banta si Bonifacio at
ang kanyang diwang mapanghimagsik sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas,
kung ang imahe ni Bonifacio ay ang makipaglaban para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan,
at kung hindi hinikayat ng mga Amerikano na dakilain bílang bayani si
Bonifacio, bakit opisyal na naitanghal si Bonifacio hindi lámang bílang isang
bayani kundi bílang isang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“bayani sa
gawaing para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan?”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kayâ, ang sinabi ni Constantino na
isinantabi at hindi pinayagang dakilain ang mga bayaning katulad ni Bonifacio
ay isang pagkakamali. Malakas at hindi kasi mabubuwag ang mga patunay na
ginawang isang bayani si Bonifacio sa panahon ng pananakop ng Amerika, at ang
mga mananakop na pinunòng Amerikano pa ang nag-apruba sa mga batas na opisyal
na nagtatanghal kay Bonifacio bílang isang bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Veneration Without Verifying<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Marami pang matitisod na pagkakamali sa
sanaysay ni Constantino, gaya ng pagsipi niya sa aklat na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between Two Empires</i> (New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
1965) ni Theodore Friend, at ang paratang niya na si Rizal daw ay salungat sa
kasarinlan at madugong pakikibaka. Hindi na tinalakay pa ang mga iyon dito,
nang hindi na mapahaba nang husto ang blog na ito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang sanaysay ni Constantino ay
naging napakatanyag na, at ginagamit na ito ng maraming galít kay Rizal bílang
awtoritatibong patunay sa kanilang paninirà kay Rizal na ito raw ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored national hero</i>. Ang
pagtanggap sa sanaysay na ito ay nagmimistula nang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">veneration without verifying</i> (lubusang paniniwala, pagtitiwala, at
paghanga nang hindi muna inaalam kung kapani-paniwala ba ang mga pinagbatayan
nito).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">veneration
without verifying</i> ay isang bulag na pagsamba, dahil ang mga naniniwala sa
sanaysay ni Constanino ay hindi man lámang isipin na:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Walang anumang patunay na may naganap
na púlong noong 1901 upang maghalal ng pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas, gaya ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">minutes of the proceedings</i> (mga talâ ng
mga naganap) sa púlong na iyon, dahil hindi naman talaga naganap ang púlong na
iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Walang nilagdaan si Taft na batas,
proklamasyon, o anupamang dokumento na nagdededeklara kay Rizal bílang ang
pambansang bayani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ang Araw ni Rizal ay isang tradisyon
na itinatag ng mga Pilipino (hindi ng mga Amerikano) sa pamamagitan ng isang
kautusan ni Aguinaldo noong ika-20 ng Disyembre na nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng
Disyembre bílang isang pambansang pista opisyal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. At ang mga paninirà na ipinupukol kay
Rizal—na si Rizal daw ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">national hero</i>, dahil ang mga batas
daw na nagtatanghal sa kanya bílang pambansang bayani ay inaprubahan daw ng mga
Amerikano—ay maipupukol din kay Bonifacio, dahil ang mga batas na opisyal na
nagtatanghal kay Bonifacio bílang isang bayani ay inaprubahan ng mga Amerikano.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maling
Pangangatwiran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Payag na payag ang mga sumasamba sa
sanaysay ni Constantino kung si Rizal ang sinisiraan na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored national hero</i>. Subalit kung si Bonifacio na ang
tinawag na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored hero</i>,
paglapastangan na raw iyon kay Bonifacio. Kung silá ang mamumukol kay Rizal,
ikinatutuwa nila. Kung ibinabalik na kay Bonifacio ang mga ipinupukol nila kay
Rizal, paninirà at ugaling talangka na raw iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">At ang pagiging <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American-sponsored national hero ni Rizal</i> ay hindi na raw kailangan
ng mga patunay. Basta ganoon na raw iyon. Samantalang si Bonifacio raw ay
itinuturing nang bayani bago pa dumating ang mga Amerikano, at ang bagay na
iyan ay hindi na rin daw kailangan ng mga patunay. Basta ganoon na rin daw
iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anong uri ng mga argumento ang mga iyan?
Patas at makatwiran ba?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mga Dakilang
Pilipino<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mga dakilang bayaning Pilipino sina
Rizal at Bonifacio, at ang mga kababayan nila mismo ang kumilala at nagtanghal
sa kanila bílang mga bayani, hindi ang mga Amerikano. Kung may sinang-ayunan
man na mga batas ang mga mananakop na Amerikano na opisyal na nagtatanghal sa
kanila bílang mga bayani, ang mga Pilipino naman ang nakaisip at nagpanukala sa
mga batas na iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hangaan natin ang ating mga bayani, at
pahalagahan ang kanilang mga ambag sa ating bansa at kasaysayan, sa halip na
magpapaniwala táyo sa mga sabi-sabi na wala namang matitibay na patunay, gaya
ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Veneration Without Understanding</i>
ni Renato Constantino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Talâsanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Constantino, Renato. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Veneration Without Understanding</i> (1969).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Public Laws, Annotated.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Lungsod ng Quezon: Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas. Sulpicio Guevarra, patnugot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“They Chose Rizal,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philippines Free Press</i> (Maynila) Disyembre 28, 1946, p. 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-48104671300394552032015-08-14T01:18:00.001-07:002015-08-17T08:38:41.282-07:00Ang Malaking Pagkakamali ni Renato Constantino sa kanyang aklat na The Philippines: A Past Revisited <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1ATmq_pleun21p9K4ajFA6GdiDiHtk8-K9ObG_WGKh4T8Ahe1j2mM1yHF6MXaK5Lx2Smo-y_91w3Iib0RqR7FHCKCp99eAOhvz9rxdIzk0BCqwlpiwMEfUObniXoPIDih4OcX85USOA/s1600/Sino+ang+mga+Orihinal+na+Pilipino.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1ATmq_pleun21p9K4ajFA6GdiDiHtk8-K9ObG_WGKh4T8Ahe1j2mM1yHF6MXaK5Lx2Smo-y_91w3Iib0RqR7FHCKCp99eAOhvz9rxdIzk0BCqwlpiwMEfUObniXoPIDih4OcX85USOA/s640/Sino+ang+mga+Orihinal+na+Pilipino.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanaysay: Jon E. Royeca, “Sino ang mga Orihinal na Pilipino?”
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liwayway</i>, Dis. 3, 2012, pp. 38-39.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa kanyang aklat na <i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i>
(Lungsod ng Quezon: </span><span lang="EN-PH" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">Tala Publishing
Services, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1975), ipinagdiinan ni Renato Constantino na ang mga unang tao raw
na tinawag na <b>Filipino</b> ay ang mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>insulares</i></b>
o ang mga Espanyol na isinilang sa Pilipinas noong panahon ng pananakop ng
Espanya sa Pilipinas (1565-1898). Kayâ, ang mga Espanyol na iyon daw ang mga
orihinal na Pilipino, at hindi ang mga katutubo ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
pagdiriin na iyon ni Constantino, wala siyang ipinakitang anumang batayan, lalo
na ang napakahalagang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary sources</i>
(pangunahing sanggunian).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wala. Basta
sinabi lang niya na ang mga orihinal na Pilipino ay ang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insulares</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<s><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></o:p></span></s> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
ginawang iyon ni Constantino ay isang malaking pagkakamali sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">principles of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historical research and writing</i> (mga pamamaraan ng pananaliksik at
pagsusulat sa kasaysayan). Kasi isang batas sa historiograpiya na kung may
sasabihin o isusulat ang isang historyador, dapat ay mayroon siyang
kapani-paniwalang batayan, gaya ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary
sources</i>, bilang patunay sa kanyang sasabihin o isusulat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heto
ang katotohanan. Sa kanyang aklat naman na <i>Relación de las Islas Filipinas</i>
(Roma, Italya: 1604), tinawag ng may-akda niyon na si Padre Pedro Chirino ang
mga Tagalog, Bisaya, Ita, at iba pang katutubo ng Pilipinas na <b>Filipino</b>.
Iyon ang unang pagkakataon na ginamit ang teminong <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>, at ipinantukoy iyon sa mga katutubo ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Chirino ay isang Heswita na inutusan ng kanyang Orden na magtungo sa Pilipinas
upang tumulong sa pagpapalaganap ng Katolisismo. Dumating siya sa bansa noong
1590. Labindalawang ulit na tinawag ni Chirino sa kanyang aklat na <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b> ang mga katutubo:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ginagamit ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b> ang mga [dahon ng balete] sa
kanilang pagluluto.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ang mga [<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ati</b>] ay higit na barbaro at hindi pa napaaamo kaysa mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bisaya</b> at karamihan sa mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tungkol sa pagpipitagan, paraan ng
paggalang, at mabubuting asal ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sa kanilang mga kilos, ang mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b> ay hindi kasingkiyas ng mga
Tsino at Hapones; subalit mayroon siláng sariling mga akda ng pagkamagalang at
mabubuting asal, lalo na ang mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tagalo</b>
na kaygagalang sa salita at kilos.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ang mga Titik [Alpabeto] ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tungkol sa mga huwad na paganong
relihiyon, idolatriya, at pamahiin ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tungkol sa pag-aasawa, bigay-káya,
at diborsiyo ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ang una at huling paraan ng
paglutas ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b> sa mga
suliranin ng pagkakasakit ay, gaya ng atin nang nabanggit, ang paghahandog ng
mga alay sa kanilang mga anito o divata, na siyang mga panginoon nila.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tungkol sa mga kasiyahan at paglalasing
ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Tungkol sa pagpapautang at
pang-aalipin ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Hindi kailanman nagkaroon ang mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b> … .”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i> </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ang mga paraan ng pagbibigay ng
pangalan ng mga <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hayan,
malinaw pa sa síkat ng araw na ang mga unang tao na tinawag na Filipino—o ang
mga orihinal na Pilipino—ay ang mga katutubo mismo ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kayâ,
tungkol sa usaping kung sino ang mga orihinal na Pilipino, sino ang
paniniwalaan natin? Ang isang historyador na walang anumang kapuranggit na
patunay sa kanyang sinasabi? O ang isang aklat—ang aklat ni Chirino—na isang <i>primary
source</i> tungkol sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talâsanggunian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chirino,
Pedro, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relación de las Islas Filipinas</i>,
Roma, 1604. Ang salin sa Ingles, “Relation of the Philippine Islands,” </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Philippine Islands 1493-1898</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, Tomo 12 at
Tomo 13, Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1903. Emma Helen Blair at
James Alexander Robertson, mga patnugot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-39079024065243621122015-08-07T03:13:00.000-07:002015-08-17T00:23:48.580-07:00Ang Unang Laban ni Andres Bonifacio noong ika-30 ng Agosto 1896: Isang Orihinal na Bersiyon ng Mamasapano Masaker<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong ika-25 ng Enero 2015, tinugis ng
mga pulis na kaanib sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Special Action
Force</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SAF</i>) ang dalawang dayuhang
terorista na nagtatagò sa Mamasapano, Maguindanao. Subalit nakasagupa nila ang
mga elemento ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moro Islamic Liberation
Front</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MILF</i>). Napások na kasi
nila ang teritoryo ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MILF</i>. Malagim
ang kinalabasan ng engkuwentrong iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Masaker sa Mamasapano, Maguindanao<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Linggo, Ika-25
ng Enero 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Resulta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; tab-stops: center 43.75pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SAF<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MILF</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Napatay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nasugatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Binatikos at
Nilait-lait<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nasindak, nagálit, at nagluksa ang
sambayanan, dahil sa pagkamatay ng 44 na pulis, na tinagurian nang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SAF 44</i> o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fallen 44</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang pangunahing sinisi sa masaker na ito
ay ang punò ng bansa, si Pang. Benigno Aquino III. Kasi, siya raw mismo ang
nag-utos na isagawa ang naturang operasyon ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SAF</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Katákot-tákot na pambabatikos at
panlalait ang inábot ng pangulo. Tinawag siyang “tanga,” “iresponsable,”
“walang alam,” “ang pinakabobong naging presidente,” at kung ano-ano pang
di-masikmurang salita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Orihinal na Bersiyon
ng Mamasapano Masaker<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kung bubuklatin ang kasaysayan ng ating
bansa, mapapansin na ang isang orihinal na bersiyon ng Mamasapano Masaker ay
naganap noong ika-30 Agosto 1896—ang araw na inilunsad ni Andres Bonifacio ang
Himagsikan ng Pilipinas laban sa pananakop ng Espanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Personal na tinipon at pinamunuan ni
Bonifacio ang aabot sa 1,000 Katipunero na lumusob sa mga imbakan ng mga armas
at pulbura ng mga Espanyol sa San Juan, isang bayan na mahigit apat na
kilometro ang layo sa Intramuros, Maynila. Malagim din ang kinalabasan ng
labanang ito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></sub></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Masaker sa Pinaglabanan, San Juan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Linggo, ika-30 ng Agosto 1896<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Resulta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mga Katipunero<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mga Espanyol</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Napatay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">153<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nasugatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di-matukoy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nahúli nang Buháy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">200 +<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang nangyaring ito sa Pinaglabanan ay
bibihirang ituro sa mga paaralan. Kayâ, maraming tao ang nagugulat kung nababása
nila ito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hindi Binatikos
Kundi Ginawang Bayani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kung
nangyari sa panahon natin ang Masaker sa Pinaglabanan, tiyak na aani rin si
Bonifacio ng mga batikos at panlalait. Subalit dahil naganap ito noong 1896,
nailigtas siya mula sa matatalim na pangil at kuko ng mga mapanlibak na
naglipana sa ating modernong panahon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gayumpaman,
sa kabila ng masamâng rekord ng pakikipagdigma ni Bonifacio, itinanghal pa rin
siya bílang isang bayani. Noong 1921, nilagdaan ng Amerikanong Gobernador
Heneral na si Francis B. Harrison ang batas (Akta Publika Blg. 2946) na
nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre (araw ng kapanganakan ni Bonifacio) bílang
Araw ni Bonifacio (<i>Bonifacio Day</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon
sa nasabing batas, karapat-dapat na itanghal ang Araw ni Bonifacio, dahil si
Bonifacio raw ang “bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kahit
talo si Bonifacio sa lahat ng mga labanang nilahukan niya, at kahit daan-daang
Katipunero na personal niyang pinamunuan ang napugutan ng ulo, sumabog ang mga
katawan, naputulan ng mga kamay o paa, nabaldado, nabúlag, o nabihag nang buháy
ng mga Espanyol, napakapalad pa rin niya, dahil dinadakila siya bílang isang
bayani.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Talâsanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agoncillo,
Teodoro A. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Revolt of the Masses</i>:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> The Story of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bonifacio and the Katipunan</i>. Edisyong 1996. Lungsod ng Quezon:
University of the Philippines Press, Inc., 1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blanco,
Ramon. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Memoria que el Senado dirige
acerca de los ultimos sucesos occuridos en la isla de Luzon</i>. Madrid, 1897.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foreman,
John. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philippine Islands</i>. New
York: 1903. Ikatlong edisyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamasapano_clash"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamasapano_clash</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minutes of the
Katipunan</span></i><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Maynila: National
Historical Institute, 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Public
Laws</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Annotated</i>. Tomo I-XI. Lungsod ng<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Quezon: University of the Philippines.
Sulpicio Guevarra, patnugot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retana, Wenceslao E. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Archivo
del bibliofilo filipino</i>. Madrid: 1895-1906.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sastron, Manuel. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La
Insurreccion de Filipinas</i>. Madrid: 1901.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Valenzuela Jr., Arturo E. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dr.
Pio Valenzuela and the Katipunan</i>. Maynila: National Historical Institute,
1996.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kredit sa larawan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Portin, Jovin, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://trendingvideosok.blogspot.com/2015/01/maguindanao-massacre-part-2.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://trendingvideosok.blogspot.com/2015/01/maguindanao-massacre-part-2.html</span></span></a></span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-6424516337780010212015-08-07T02:54:00.001-07:002015-12-16T21:55:26.512-08:00Ang Pagiging Bayani ni Andres Bonifacio: Inimbento ng mga Amerikano<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_cCrXdWFijoYMZrV5HXqGUqcaSXe55iD1b505uVooNJcHR36ALkHg-S_aTqciTY2wt6BrSmkT_Jl2Jw77E4Gb_gIJER7zxMQCd-0jJef0Sk5O54cPoeIdeMUpw3gkUVTzHvTgLV8JVU/s1600/Ang+Pagiging+Bayani+ni+Andres+Bonifacio+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_cCrXdWFijoYMZrV5HXqGUqcaSXe55iD1b505uVooNJcHR36ALkHg-S_aTqciTY2wt6BrSmkT_Jl2Jw77E4Gb_gIJER7zxMQCd-0jJef0Sk5O54cPoeIdeMUpw3gkUVTzHvTgLV8JVU/s640/Ang+Pagiging+Bayani+ni+Andres+Bonifacio+2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 24pt;">Ang Pagiging Bayani ni Andres Bonifacio: Inimbento
ng mga Amerikano<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<strong> </strong></o:p> </span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
Kasinungalingan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Noong
panahon ng pananakop ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas (1898-1946), hindi raw
kailanman pinayagan ng mga awtoridad na Amerikano na maideklarang isang bayani
si Andres Bonifacio, dahil banta raw sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos ang kanyang
pagiging mapanghimagsik. Kapag ginaya raw iyon ng mga Pilipino, magrerebelde
silá laban sa pananakop ng Estados Unidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
malaking kasinungalingang ito ay tuwang-tuwang niyayakap, lalo na ng mga táong
bagama’t may mga pinag-aralan ay hindi naman nagsusuri nang malaliman kung
totoo nga ito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang Katotohanan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naririto
naman ang payak na katotohanan: Naging isang bayani si Bonifacio noong panahon
ng pananakop ng mga Amerikano, at ang mga awtoridad na Amerikano pa nga ang
sumang-ayon sa bandang hulí sa pagtatanghal sa kanya bílang isang bayani.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
mga sumusunod na batas at hakbang ay isinagawa upang opisyal nang maitanghal na
isang bayani si Bonifacio:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.
Akta Publika Blg. 2760—ang batas na magpapagawa ng isang Pambansang Monumento
ni Bonifacio sa Lungsod ng Caloocan. Nilagdaan ito ng Amerikanong Gobernador
Heneral na si Francis B. Harrison upang ganap na maging batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> noong 1918</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.
Akta Publika Blg. 2946—ang batas na nagdedeklara sa ika-30 ng Nobyembre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(araw ng kapanganakan ni Bonifacio) bílang
Araw ni Bonifacio (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bonifacio Day</i>),
dahil ayon sa batas na ito, si Bonifacio raw ang “bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal”
at “bayani sa gawaing para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan.” Nilagdaan din ito ni
Harrison upang maging ganap nang batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> noong 1921</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.
Akta Publika Blg. 3602— ang batas na naglalaan ng ₱97,000 para sa Pambansang
Monumento ni Bonifacio sa Caloocan. Nilagdaan naman ito ng Amerikanong
Gobernador Heneral na si Dwight F. Davis upang maging ganap na ring batas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> noong 1929</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.
Nob. 30, 1933—Binigyang-parangal na ang bágong-gawa na Pambansang Monumento ni
Bonifacio sa Caloocan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pinayagang Maging Bayani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Malinaw
mula sa mga talâ ng kasaysayan na pinayagan ng mga mananakop na Amerikano na
ituring si Bonifacio na isang bayani—“bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal” at “bayani
sa gawaing para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan.” Pumayag din silá na siya ay maging
isa sa dadalawang Pilipino na may pambansang pista opisyal (ang isa pa ay si Rizal).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kung
banta si Bonifacio at ang kanyang diwang mapanghimagsik sa pananakop ng Estados
Unidos sa Pilipinas, bakit pinayagan ng mga awtoridad na Amerikano na
maitanghal si Bonifacio bílang ang “bayaning pangalawa kay Rizal” at “bayani sa
gawaing para sa kalayaan at kasarinlan”? At bakit din sila pumayag na magkaroon
ng isang pambansang pistal opisyal para kay Bonifacio?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Saan
kayâ napulot ang kasinungalingan na si Bonifacio raw ay hindi pinayagan na
maideklarang bayani ng mga mananakop na Amerikano? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
kasinungalingang iyan ay kinatha ng mga táong galít kay Rizal at pabor na si
Bonifacio ang maging pambansang bayani. Kung ano-ano ang ginagawa nilang
sabi-sabi upang masipa si Rizal mula sa kinalalagyan nitó.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inimbento ng mga Amerikano?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagama’t
isang Pilipino—si Sen. Lope K. Santos—ang nagpanukala na maitanghal si
Bonifacio bílang isang bayani, nangyari naman ang pagtatanghal na iyon sa
panahon ng pananakop ng mga Amerikano, at mga awtoridad na Amerikano,
partikular na si Harrison, ang nag-apruba sa panukalang iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
pagiging bayani ni Rizal ay pinasimulan ng mga kapwa niya Pilipino. Si
Bonifacio mismo ang nagtatag ng pagdakila sa kanya bílang isang bayani. At si
Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo ang nagtakda sa kauna-unahang batas na nagdedeklara sa
ika-30 ng Disyembre (araw ng kamatayan ni Rizal) bílang isang pambansang pista
opisyal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Subalit
ang mga galít kay Rizal ay nagpaparatang na si Rizal daw ay bayaning inimbento
ng mga Amerikano, dahil ang mga Amerikano ay nagsagawa raw ng isang miting
noong 1901 upang piliin na siya ang ideklarang pambansang bayani. Gayong wala
naman siláng anumang patunay—gaya ng mga opisyal na dokumento ng pamahalaan—na
naganap nga ang miting na iyon. Ang mga patunay nila ay mga aklat at mga
artikulo sa mga pahayagan at magasin na walang maipakita ni katiting na mga
basehan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naging
pambansang bayani raw si Rizal sa panahon ng mga Amerikano at mga Amerikano raw
ang nag-apruba sa pagiging pambansang bayani niya; kayâ, siya ay <i>American-sponsored
national hero</i>. Kung susundan ang argumentong iyan ng mga galít kay Rizal,
mabubuo ang tanong na ito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dahil
naitanghal si Bonifacio bílang isang bayani sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga
Amerikano, at mga awtoridad na Amerikano pa ang sumang-ayon sa pagtatanghal sa
kanya bílang isang bayani, masasabi bang si Bonifacio ay isang <i>American-sponsored
hero</i> o bayaning ang pagiging bayani ay inimbento ng mga Amerikano?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</span><br /></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-82607674945175089492015-07-06T09:15:00.000-07:002015-12-16T22:08:40.412-08:00Kultong Rizalismo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIKewUvGLXCmMEiZjwXLtAsJPPOEs0TtBHndwMCwDWkGG81rI0zRnYdv-4ZX58ig2m6YbEsnR5RId17tivXXcvRzfkJPB6bq3R_5MUCqdJo-KBYu28b0JYMvepiikfZng9xx5WHeKneA/s1600/joserizal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIKewUvGLXCmMEiZjwXLtAsJPPOEs0TtBHndwMCwDWkGG81rI0zRnYdv-4ZX58ig2m6YbEsnR5RId17tivXXcvRzfkJPB6bq3R_5MUCqdJo-KBYu28b0JYMvepiikfZng9xx5WHeKneA/s320/joserizal.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
<em></em><br />
<em></em><br />
<em>— </em>Unang nalathala sa<em> Liwayway</em>, Enero 12, 2009<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
NANG nabubuhay pa si Jose Rizal, tinitingala na siya ng kanyang mga kababayan bilang ang kanilang gabay tungo sa mga pagbabago, himagsikan, at kasarinlan mula sa pananakop ng Espanya. At nang pumanaw na siya, ang mga mamamayang Pilipino rin ang kumilala sa kanya bilang ang kanilang pinakadakilang pambansang bayani.</div>
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</div>
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Nang mga taong 1880-89, ang mga propagandistang Pilipino sa Espanya at iba pang bansa sa Europa ay nagpahayag na si Rizal lamang ang natatanging may kakayahan na pag-isahin silang lahat, isang ulirang Pilipino, ang kinatawan ng Oceania-Española, ang ulong tagatangkilik ng mga Pilipino, ang marilag nilang kababayan, ang natatanging Pilipino sa panitik, at may katha ng iba’t ibang akda na naging karapat-dapat sa papuri ng madla.</div>
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</div>
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Siya ay inihalal din nila nang buong pagkakaisa bilang ang pandangal na pangulo ng kanilang samahan, <em>Asociación La <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">Solidaridad</span></em> (Kapatirang Pagkakaisa), na itinatag noong Disyembre 31, 1888, sa <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12">Barcelona</span>, Espanya. Si Marcelo Del Pilar, ang pinakamahigpit niyang katunggali, ay pinagpugayan ang kanyang liredatong moral at intelektuwal.</div>
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<strong>Kultong Rizalismo</strong></div>
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<strong></strong> </div>
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Sa Pilipinas, itinatag ni Andres Bonifacio ang kultong Rizalismo o ang <em>tradisyon ng pagdakila kay Rizal</em>. Bilang <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11">supremo</span> ng Katipunan, ipinag-utos niya na gamitin ang salitang <em>Rizal </em>bilang <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">banal</span> na salita ng <em>Bayani</em>, ang pinakamataas na antas na Katipunero; isabit ang mga larawan ni Rizal sa mga bulwagang pulungan ng Kataastaasang Sanggunian ng Katipunan at iba pang pook-pulungan; at gamitin ang pangalan ni Rizal bilang sigaw ng Katipunan para sa pagkakaisa at kalayaan. Inihalal din niya si Rizal bilang ang pandangal na pangulo ng Katipunan, at kinalap ang mga pananaw ni Rizal tungkol sa kanilang mga balak laban sa Espanya.</div>
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</div>
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Noong mga unang bahagi ng 1897, habang nasa Cavite at namamagitan sa mga lokal na pangkat ng Katipunan doon, nagpalabas si Bonifacio ng isang kalatas na kumukundena sa mga kahayupang pinaggagagawa ng mga Espanyol laban sa mga Pilipino, at sa “katampalasanang pagpatay sa ating pinakaiibig nating kababayan na si M. Jose Rizal.”</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong>Pinakadakilang Bayaning Pilipino</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong></strong> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Noong Marso 22, 1897, nahalal si Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo bilang pangulo ng pamahalaang rebolusyunaryo na pumalit sa Katipunan. Noong Disyembre 1897, matapos lagdaan ang isang kasunduang pakikipagpayapaan sa mga mananakop ng Espanyol, tumulak siya at ang kanyang mga kasama patungong Hong Kong; subalit dahil walang anumang hangad ang mga Espanyol na tumupad sa kasunduan, ipinasya nilang bumalik sa bansa. Noong Abril 1898, nagpalabas ang mga kasamahan nila ng isang proklamasyon, na ang pangwakas na bahagi ay nagsabing:</div>
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</div>
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<em>“Kasingwalang-saysay din ang mga walang halagang pangalan natin, subalit ang bawat isa sa atin at lahat tayo ay tumatawag sa pangalan ng pinakadakilang bayani na nasaksihan ng ating bansa, sa tiyak at lubos na pag-asa na ang kanyang diwa ay mapapasaatin sa mga oras na ito at gagabayan tayo tungo sa tagumpay?ang ating imortal na si Jose Rizal.”</em></div>
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</div>
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Kinilala ng dokumentong ito, na nilagdaan ng mga kasapi ng Komite Sentral Pilipino na nakahimpil sa Hong Kong, si Rizal bilang <em>ang pinakadakilang bayani ng mga mamamayang Pilipino</em>. Batid ng mga pinunong manghihimagsik na siya ang kanilang inspirasyon, nag-aalab na sigaw, at walang kapantay na kababayan, kung kaya’t ang pinakadakilang bayani na umusbong sa kanilang bansang sinilangan.</div>
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</div>
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Ang sambayanang Pilipino ang nakadama, kumilala, at nagbunyi na ang pinakaiibig na Pilipino at ang pinakatanyag na <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">martir</span> na Pilipino <em>ang siyang pinakadakilang bayaning Pilipino</em>.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong>Hula ni Rizal</strong></div>
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</div>
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Bumalik sa bansa si Aguinaldo noong Mayo 19, 1898, at nang sumunod na Hunyo 12, ay idineklara ang kasarinlan ng bansa mula sa Espanya. Ang isang bahagi ng<em> Akta ng Proklamasyon ng Kasarinlan ng mga Mamamayang Pilipino</em> ay nasusulat nang ganito:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>“Kinikilala, sinasang-ayunan, at kinakatigan namin, kasama ang mga atas na naipalabas na, ang Diktadurya na itinatag ni Don Emilio Aguinaldo, na aming kinikilala bilang Kataas-taasang Pinuno ng Bansang ito, na simula sa araw na ito ay may sarili nang buhay, sa aming paniniwala na siya ang tao na pinili ng Diyos, sa kabila ng kanyang abang pinagmulan, upang maisagawa ang pagtubos sa aming walang-palad na bayan, na inihula ni Doktor Jose Rizal sa kanyang mga maiindayog na taludtod na binalangkas niya sa kanyang piitan bago siya barilin; pinalalaya ito mula sa pananakop ng mga Espanyol bilang parusa sa mga pagmamalupit ng mga tauhan ng pamahalaan na may pahintulot nito, at sa walang-katarungang pagbaril sa nasabing Rizal at sa iba pang isinakripisyo para sa katiwasayan ng mga walang-kasiyahang prayle. …”</em></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ayon sa bahaging ito, ang <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">hula</span> ni Rizal tungkol sa kalayaan ay naisasakatuparan na—ang bansa ay pinalalaya bilang parusa sa Espanya dahil sa mga pang-aabuso nito at sa pagpatay kay Rizal at iba pa. Ang hulang iyon ay nasa ikasiyam na saknong ng huling tula ni Rizal, na ganito ang pagkakasulat:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em></em> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>“Idalangin mo rin ang mga namatay na kinulang-palad,</em></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>“Ang nagsipagtiis ng mga pahirap na walang katulad;</em></div>
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<em>“Mga ina namin na inihihibik ang kanilang saklap,</em></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>“Ang mga kapatid, balo’t napipiit sa madlang pahirap,</em></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>“At ang sarili mong nawa’y makakita ng paglayang ganap.”</em></div>
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</div>
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Ang paglayang iyon ay walang iba kundi ang muling pagkakamit ng kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Natamo iyon noong Hunyo 12, 1898, nang ipahayag na ng mga Pilipino sa buong mundo na sila ay malaya at magsasarili na bilang isang bansa. At hindi nalimutan ng mga ama ng bansa na si Rizal ang naghikayat at humula niyon.</div>
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<strong>Unang Araw ni Rizal</strong></div>
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Noong Disyembre 20, 1898, nagpalabas si Pangulong Aguinaldo ng isang atas na nagtatalaga sa Disyembre 30 bilang isang pambansang araw ng pagluluksa “alang-alang sa manga daraquilang filipinong uagas magsilingap sa tinubuang bayan na si Dr. Rizal at iba pa, na pinasaquitan nang lumipas nang capangyarihang castila.”</div>
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</div>
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Nilinaw ng atas na isasagawa ang pagluluksa sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng bandilang Pilipino sa kalahating tagdang nito mula ika-12:00 ng tanghali ng Disyembre 29 hanggang ika-12:00 ng tanghali ng susunod na araw, at sa pamamagitan ng pagpipinid sa lahat ng tanggapan ng pamahalaang rebolusyunaryo sa buong maghapon ng Disyembre 30.</div>
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Pinili ng mga ama ng bansa ang araw ng kamatayan ni Rizal bilang ang naaangkop na <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">pista</span> opisyal para sa mga bayaning Pilipino, sapagkat siya ang Pilipinong karapat-dapat na mabigyan ng isang natatanging araw ng pagkilala. Hindi nila pinili ang araw ng kamatayan nina Lopez Jaena (Enero 20), Del Pilar (Hulyo 4), o ng Gomburza (Pebrero 17). Ang iba pa ay hindi kasindakila niya at hindi karapat-dapat ng isang natatanging araw ng pagkilala; kaya, ang mga pagpapakasakit ng iba pang mga bayaning Pilipino ay sumabay na lamang sa pinapaging-banal na araw niya.</div>
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</div>
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Ang mga panghimagsikang pahayagan ay naglabas ng mga isyung dinadakila ang Araw ni Rizal: ang <em>La Independencia</em> (Kasarinlan) noong Disyembre 29, 1898; at ang <em><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">Republica</span> Filipina</em> (Republika ng Pilipinas) at <em><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">El Heraldo</span> de la <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9">Revolución</span></em> (Taliba ng Himagsikan), ang opisyal na pahayagan ng pamahalaang Pilipino, noong Disyembre 30, 1898. Sa mga isyung ito, inilathala ang ilan sa mga tula at sanaysay ni Rizal, samantalang ang kanyang buhay, mga gawa, at kabayanihan ay tinalakay.</div>
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Ipinagdiwang ang pistal opisyal na iyon ng Samahang Filipino sa Maynila sa pamamagitan ng isang palatuntunang awitan-pampanitikan. May mga awit, pagpapatugtog ng piano at gitara, pagbasa ng mga tula, pagbigkas, at mga pagtalakay tungkol sa buhay at gawang pampulitika ni Rizal na isinagawa at sinaksihan ng mga tanyag na Pilipino noon, tulad nina Pedro <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6">Paterno</span>, Telesforo Chuidian, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, at <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">Antonio Luna</span>.</div>
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</div>
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Pinag-alab ng unang Araw ni Rizal ang dangal ng bayan. Naglaan ang mga tao ng isang tampok na araw upang ipagdiwang ang isang kamangha-manghang nakaraan ng pinakadakilang martir mula sa sariling lahi, at ang mga pagpapakasakit ng iba pang bayani ng lupang tinubuan. Binigyan iyon ng <em>La Independencia</em> ng isang tumpak na paglalarawan: “Ang Disyembre 30 ang unang kaguni-gunitang petsa na naitala sa ating pambansang kasaysayan.”</div>
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</div>
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Yaon ang mga hakbang kung paano dinakila ng mga Pilipino si Rizal bilang ang kanilang pambansang bayani.</div>
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<strong>Isang Kabaliwang Haka-haka</strong></div>
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May isang teoriya o haka-haka na nag-aangkin na ang mga Amerikanong mananakop na awtoridad, partikular na si William Howard Taft, ang nagdeklara kay Rizal bilang ang pambansang bayani, ang naghikayat sa kulto ng pagdakila kay Rizal bilang ang pinakadakilang bayani ng bansa, at ang nagtatag sa Disyembre 30 bilang isang pista opisyal.</div>
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</div>
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Si Taft, na dumating sa bansa noong Hunyo 3, 1900, ay naglingkod bilang tagapangasiwa ng Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas, ang awtoridad na nilikha ng pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si William McKinley upang maging tagabalangkas ng mga batas ng pamahalaang kolonyal ng Amerika sa Kapuluang Pilipinas.</div>
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Ayon sa haka-haka, dahil si Taft, sa isang pulong ng Komisyon, ay nagpasya na si Rizal ang maging pambansang bayani, naging pista opisyal na ang Araw ni Rizal mula noon. Ang pasya ni Taft ang naging simula ng Araw ni Rizal.</div>
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</div>
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Ang totoo ay: Walang batas, proklamasyon, o anupamang kasulatan na nilagdaan ni Taft at kung saan sinabi niyang, “Ako, si William Howard Taft, ay pormal na idinedeklara si Rizal bilang ang inyong pambansang bayani.” <em>Wala</em>.</div>
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</div>
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Noong 1920-29 at 1930-39, ang ilang Amerikano na sumulat ng mga aklat tungkol sa Pilipinas ay walang muwang hinggil sa mga paghanga, papuri, at sa pista opisyal na iginawad na ng mga Pilipino kay Rizal. Ang kawalang-muwang nila ang naghatid sa kanila na maghinuha, magdiin, at sa bandang huli ay mag-angkin na ang mga Amerikanong mananakop ang nagluklok kay Rizal sa kadakilaan. Kaya, isinilang ang haka-hakang ito, at mula noon ay marami nang mga mambabasa, mag-aaral, manunulat, at iskolar ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ang nalinlang nito.</div>
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</div>
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Ang haka-hakang ito ay isang kabaliwan, kung hindi man katangahan, dahil paanong ang di-umano’y pasya ni Taft na gawing pambansang bayani si Rizal ang magiging simula ng Araw ni Rizal gayong bago pa dumating sa bansa si Taft, ang mga Pilipino ay kinikilala na si Rizal bilang ang kanilang pinakadakilang bayani at ipinagdiwang na ang Disyembre 30 bilang ang kanilang kauna-unahang pambansang pista opisyal?</div>
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</div>
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Kasaysayan ang may katha na ang sambayanang Pilipino ang nagdakila kay Rizal bilang ang gabay nila tungo sa kabansaan, ang propeta ng kanilang kasarinlan, ang pandangal nilang pinuno, ang sigaw nila para sa digmaan at kalayaan, ang pinakaiibig nilang kababayan, at ang kanilang pinakadakilang bayani—ang kanilang pambansang bayani.</div>
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<br />
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<strong>Talasanggunian</strong></div>
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</div>
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Agoncillo, Teodoro A. <em>The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan</em>. Edisyong 1996. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, Inc., 1956.</div>
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</div>
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Agoncillo, Teodoro A. <em>The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio</em>. Maynila, 1963.</div>
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</div>
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F. G. “El Luto Nacional.” <em>La Independencia</em> (Maynila) Disyembre 31, 1898, p. 2.</div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em>June 12, 1898 and Other Related Documents</em>. Maynila: National Historical Institute, 1998.</div>
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</div>
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“La Velada del 30 Diciembre de 1898.” <em>Republica Filipina</em> (Mandaloyon) Enero 1, 1899, pp. 3-4.</div>
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<em></em> </div>
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<em>Mga Tula ni Jose Rizal</em>. Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.</div>
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<em></em> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>Pakikipagsulatan ni Rizal sa mga Kasama niya sa Pagpapalaganap</em>. Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.</div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Robinson, Albert G. <em>The Philippines: The War and the People</em>. Nueva York, 1901, binanggit sa Teodoro A. Agoncillo, <em>Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic</em>. Edisyong 1996. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, Inc., 1960.</div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Villadez, P. P. “Notas de la semana.” <em>La Independencia </em>(Maynila) Disyembre 31, 1898, p. 1.</div>
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Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-92176721037613309432015-07-06T07:54:00.000-07:002015-12-16T22:08:04.661-08:00Ang Idolo Ni Andres Bonifacio<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SI Andres Bonifacio (1863-97) ay may
isang kababayan na kanyang hinangaan o inidolo, at humubog sa kanyang mga
ipinaglaban para sa sinilangang bayan, dahil sa paghangang iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang kababayang iyon ay inidolo na
niya mula nang siya’y tin-edyer pa lamang. Hindi niya kailanman ito naging
kaibigan. Kilala niya ito, pero hindi siya kilala nito. Iisang ulit lamang sila
nagtagpo, nang itinatag ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liga Filipina</i>
(Katipunang Pilipino) sa Binondo, Maynila, noong gabi ng Hunyo 3, 1892, ngunit
hindi pa sila nagkausap. Ang idolong iyon ay walang iba kundi si Jose Rizal
(1861-96).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Unang natunghayan ni Bonifacio si
Rizal sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diariong Tagalog</i>, isang
pahayagan sa Tagalog at Espanyol, na inilalathala sa Maynila at mga kalapit na
lalawigan. Si Basilio Teodoro Moran ang may-ari nito; si Marcelo Del Pilar
naman ang patnugot. Nasa sirkulasyon ito mula Hunyo 1, 1882, hanggang sa
napilitan itong magsara dahil sa malaganap na kolera at sa isang mapaminsalang
bagyo nang sumunod na Oktubre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa isyu ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diariong Tagalog</i> noong Agosto 20, 1882, nalathala ang sanaysay ni
Rizal na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Amor Patrio</i> (Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa). Nasusulat iyon sa Espanyol, ngunit ang salin niyon sa Tagalog
na ginawa ni Del Pilar ay kasabay na nalathala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nang mga panahong iyon, si Rizal ay
nasa Espanya. Noong Mayo 3, 1882, isa’t kalahating buwan bago ang kanyang
ika-21 taong kaarawan, umalis siya ng bansa upang tapusin sa Espanya ang dalawa
niyang kurso sa kolehiyo: pilosopiya at panitikan, at medisina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pagkarating niya sa <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Barcelona</st1:place></st1:city> noong Hunyo 16, isinulat niya ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amor</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patrio</i>, kung saan binanggit niya na
ang pag-ibig sa tinubuang-lupa ay:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“<span style="color: black;">…isang damdaming tunay na katutubo; sapagkat
naroroon ang mga kauna-unahang alaala ng kamusmusan, isang masayang tulang awitin
na ang kabataan lamang ang nakakikilala, at sa mga bakas nito’y sumisibol ang
bulaklak ng kawalang-malay at ng kaligayahan</span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> …<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ito kaya’y dahil sa ang pag-ibig sa inang baya’y siyang
pinakawagas, pinakamagiting, at pinakadakila? Ang pagkalugod sa lahat ng
nakapagpapagunita ng ating mga kauna-unahang araw, ang lupang kinahihimlayan ng
ating mga nuno, ang templong kinaroroonan ng sinasamba nating Diyos sa
pamamagitan ng katapatan ng walang malay na kamusmusan</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>…<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Idinagdag ni Rizal na ang
pag-ibig sa bayan ay isang dakilang damdamin na inaawit sa loob ng mga siglo ng
lahat ng tao, malaya man o alipin, dahil ito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“… ay hindi napaparam kailanman kapag nakapasok na sa puso, palibhasa’y
nagtataglay sa sarili ng tatak na [banal] na ikinapagiging walang kamataya’t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>walang hanggan</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“<span style="color: black;">Sinasabing ang pag-ibig [ang] siyang
pinakamakapangyarihang tagabunsod ng mga gawang lalong magiting; kung gayon, sa
lahat ng mga pag-ibig, ang pag-ibig sa inang-bayan [ang] siyang nakalikha ng
mga gawang lalong dakila, lalong magiting, at lalong walang halong pag-iimbot</span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hiniling ni Rizal sa mga
mambabasa na tunghayan ang kasaysayan, ang mga tala, at ang mga alamat upang
mabatid na dahil sa pag-ibig na ito:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ipinara ng ilan ang kanilang kabataan, ang kanilang kaligayahan; ang
iba’y naghandog sa kanya ng kaningningan ng kanilang kadalubhasaan; ang mga
ito’y nagbubo ng kanilang dugo; ang lahat ay namatay at nagpamana sa kanilang
inang-bayan ng isang malaking kayamanan: kalayaan at kaluwalhatian</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Amor Patrio</i> ang unang akda na naglatag sa mga Pilipino ng isa sa
pinakamaningning na ilaw na kinakailangan nila noon—ang kamalayan ng kabansaan
at pag-ibig sa inang-bayan, o ang kaisipan na silang mga Pilipino ay may
sariling tinubuang lupa na dapat nilang kalingain at mahalin. At iyon ay ang
Pilipinas, hindi ang Espanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bago ito, hindi pa
nakababasa ang mga Pilipino ng ukol sa pagmamahal sa bansa. Wala silang anumang
malay sa marangal na kabaitang ito. Lumikha ito ng walang humpay na bayo sa
puso ng mga nakabasa niyon, bayo na kikiyakis sa kanilang mga prinsipyo o
paninindigan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dahil sa ingay na nilikha
nito, naalarma ang mga awtoridad at kapariang Espanyol sa Pilipinas.
Pinag-ingat tuloy si Rizal ng isa nitong bayaw, si Silvestre Ubaldo, sa isang
liham na may petsang Enero 19, 1883:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ang balita co sa yo ay tila icao dao ay quina popootan ñg
mañga maputeng baro [prayle] dahil sa guinaua mo niong icao ay na sa Barcelona
na inencerta sa </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diariong Tagalog<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, caya icao
ay bahala dian, mabute ren ang icao ay mag iñgat at tila icao ay na sa listahan
nila</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang Manileñong si Bonifacio ay 18
taong gulang lamang nang mabasa niya ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amor</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patrio </i>sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diariong Tagalog</i>.
Ito ang una sa mga akda ni Rizal na lililok at magpapatalas sa kanyang mga
pampulitika at panghimagsikang simulain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dahil lubusang nabigyan
ng inspirasyon ng sanaysay na ito, sumulat si Bonifacio ng isang <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">tula</st1:place></st1:city> na may himig nito,
at pinamagatan niya ang tulang iyon ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pag-ibig
sa Tinubuang</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lupa</i>. Nalathala iyon
sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ang Kalayaan</i>, ang pahayagan ng
Katipunan, sa tanging isyu nito na may petsang Enero 18, 1896.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Malinaw na hinango mula
sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amor Patrio</i> ni Rizal ang maraming ideyang nakapaloob sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pag-ibig sa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tinubuang Lupa</i> ni Bonifacio, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city>
ng mga sumusunod na una, ikaanim, ikapito, at ikawalo nitong saknong:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya?/sa pagka dalisay at
pagkadakila,/<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city>
ng pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa,/alin pag-ibig pa? wala na nga, wala</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Bakit? Alin ito na sakdal ng laki/na hinahandugan ng buong
pag kasi/na sa lalung mahal na kapangyayari/at guinugugulan ng buhay na iwi</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ay! ito’y ang Inang bayang tinubuan/siya’y ina’t tangi na
kinamulatan/ng kawiliwiling liwanag ng araw/na nagbigay init sa lunong katawan</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Sa kania’y utang ang unang pagtanggap/ng simuy ng hanging
nagbibigay lunas/sa inis na puso na sisingapsingap/sa balong malalim ng
siphayo’t hirap</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Muling isinatitik ni Bonifacio ang
“ang pag-ibig sa inang-bayan ang siyang pinakawagas, pinakamagiting, at
pinakadakila” ni Rizal bilang “sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila, wala nang
pag-ibig pa ang hihigit sa pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang “ang inang-bayan ay sadyang
iniibig dahil i<span style="color: black;">pinara ng ilan ang kanilang kabataan,
ang kanilang kaligayahan; ang kanilang kadalubhasaan, at maging ang kanilang
dugo” </span>ni Rizal ay naging “ang inang-bayan ay <span style="color: black;">sakdal
ng laki, na hinahandugan ng buong pagkasi, lalong mahal na kapangyayari, at
ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi” ni Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang “sa ating bansa
naroroon ang mga kauna-unahang alaala ng kamusmusan, at ang mga gunita ng ating
mga kauna-unahang araw” ni Rizal ay muling kinatha ni Bonifacio bilang “ang inang-baya’y
siyang ina’t tangi na kinamulatan ng kawiliwiling liwanag ng araw, na nagbigay
init sa lunong katawan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang nobelang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Filibusterismo</i> ni Rizal ang tuluyang
humubog sa mga adhikain ni Bonifacio. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hinalaw mula rito ni Bonifacio ang kanyang mga estratihiya
para sa himagsikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fili</i>, ang pangunahing layunin ni Simoun ay ang magtatag ng isang
lihim na kilusan ng mga pinagmamalupitang Pilipino, tulad ng mga magsasaka,
manggagawa, inuusig na walang sala, at iba pa, na magpapatalsik sa pananakop ng
mga Espanyol sa pamamagitan ng sandatahang pakikibaka (Kabanata 16, 19, 23, 33,
at 35).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa tunay na buhay, itinatag ni
Bonifacio noong Hulyo 7, 1892, ang isang lihim na lipunan (ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kataastaasang</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kagalanggalangang Katipunan</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nang</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mañgá</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anak</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nang</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bayan</i>)
na ang layon ay ang madugong pagbuwag din sa pananakop ng Espanya sa Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fili</i>, hinikayat ni Simoun ang mga kabataan na sumama sa kanyang
ipinaglalaban sapagkat naniniwala siya sa kanilang kakayahan bilang mga pag-asa
ng bayan (Kabanata 7).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa tunay na buhay, inakay rin ni
Bonifacio ang mga kabataan sa Katipunan. Pinalibutan niya ang sarili ng mga
kabataang tulad nina Emilio Jacinto, na 19 na taong gulang lamang nang hirangin
niya bilang kanang-kamay niya at piskal ng Katipunan; Jose Turiano Santiago, na
17 lamang nang mahalal na kalihim ng Katipunan; Restituto Javier, na 19 nang
mahalal na konsehal ng Katipunan; Pio Valenzuela, na 25 nang maitalagang
manggagamot ng Katipunan; at ang nakababata niyang kapatid na si Procopio, na
dadalawampuin lamang nang italaga niya bilang isa sa mga kanyang mga
pinagkakatiwalaang tauhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fili</i>, ginatungan ni Simoun ang mga kabataan na lisanin na ang
pagnanais na matuto ng wikang Espanyol, at sa halip ay yakapin, kalingain, at
paunlarin ang katutubo nilang wika dahil ito ang pinakapagkakakilanlan nila
bilang isang bansa at bilang isang lahi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa tunay na buhay, ginamit ni
Bonifacio ang wikang Tagalog sa halos lahat ng mga dokumento, transaksiyon, at
hakbang ng Katipunan (Kabanata 7).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fili</i>, gumamit ang mga rebelde ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cabesa</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tales</i> bilang
banal na salita (Kabanata 19). Sa tunay na buhay, gumamit din ang mga
Katipunero ng mga banal na salita: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rizal</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gomburza</i>, at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anak ng Bayan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fili</i>, binanggit ni Simoun ang mga sumusunod:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Sa loob ng isang oras, sasabog ang himagsikan sa isang hudyat ko, at
bukas, wala nang mga pag-aaral, wala nang Pamantasan, wala nang magaganap pa
kundi ang labanan at mga patayan</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Pinaghandaan ko na
ang lahat, at wala nang makapipigil pa sa aking pagtatagumpay</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kung tayo’y nangagwagi na, lahat ng mga may
kakayahan ngunit hindi tumulong ay ituturing na kaaway …”</i> (Kabanata 23).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Sa tunog ng isang pagsabog, ang mga dukha, inuusig, yaong naging mga
hampas-lupa dahil pinag-uusig ng mga may kapangyarihan, ay lalabas nang armado
at sasama kay Kabesang Tales sa Santa Mesa upang lusubin ang lungsod [Maynila]</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Habang nagigimbal ang buong bayan, habang iniisip ng mga mamamayan na
pagpapatayin sila ng mga may kapangyarihan, mapupuspos sila ng takot dahil sa
nakamamatay na pagkagitla, at dahil wala silang mga sandata at walang
kahandaan, sila’y pamumunuan at pangungunahan mo [Basilio] at ng mga kasama mo
patungo sa tindahan ng Intsik na si Quiroga kung saan iniimbak ko ang aking mga
armas</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Magkikita kami ni Kabesang Tales sa lungsod at lulusubin namin ito, at
kayong mga nasa arabal, sakupin ninyo ang mga tulay, magkuta kayo roon,
humandang tulungan kami, at patayin ninyo ang mga hindi lamang sasalungat sa
himagsikan, kundi maging ang lahat ng lalaking tatangging humawak ng sandata”</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Kabanata 33).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga sinabing ito ni Simoun ay
halos kahawig ng sumusunod na manipesto na inilabas ni Bonifacio noong Agosto
28, 1896:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Mga Pangulo, mga Kasanguni, mga Kapatid, kayong lahat ay aming
tinatawagan; kailangan sa madaling panahon ang pagsasangalang sa mga Anak ng
Bayan napipiit at pinahihirapan sa mga bilanguan, kaya pulungin ang mga Kapatid
at ipaunawa, na sa Sabado, ika-12 horas ng gabi ay sisimulan ang paghihimagsik,
sa kanikaniyang bayan, at ang pagpasok sa Maynila’y mangagaling sa Balara,
sasagui sa bundok ng Ugong at tatawid sa Guadalupe (San Pedro Makati) at
sasagian ang mga Guwardya Sibil sa Santa Ana</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Ang Kapatid na
di sumangayon sa mga banal na adhika ng kalahatan ay aariing Lilo at ibibilang
sa kaaway; sa talagang may sakit ay igagawad ang pagtingin inauutos ng palatuntunan</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa mga salita ni Simoun, at sa
manipesto ni Bonifacio, masisilayan kaagad ang mga pagkakatulad: ang
sabay-sabay na paglusob sa Maynila, ang mga salakay ni Simoun at ang pag-atake
ni Bonifacio, ang kawalan ng pag-asa ng mga mamamayan, at ang parusa sa mga
taksil at duwag. Kahit ang manipesto ay hindi ganoon kabagsik sa mga taksil at
duwag, malinaw na kinopya ito mula sa gawa ng iba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga pagkakatulad na ito ay ilan
lamang sa mga bagay na nagpapatunay sa marubdob na paghanga ng naging Ama ng
Himagsikan ng Pilipinas sa naging pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Talasanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mga</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tala</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sa</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paglalakbay,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mga</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alaala,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Iba</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jose</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rizal</i>. Panandaang Taong Palimbag.
Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakikipagsulatan ni Rizal sa kanyang mga Kasambahay</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila:
Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1962.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakikipagsulatan ni Rizal sa mga Kasama niya sa
Pagpapalaganap</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni
Jose Rizal, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakikipagsulatan sa Iba’t Ibang Tao ni Jose Rizal</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila:
Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mga Akdang Pampanitikan sa Tuluyan ni Jose Rizal</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Panandaang Taong Palimbag. Maynila:
Pambansang Komisyon ng Ikasandaang Taon ni Jose Rizal, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">El Filibusterismo. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Panandaang Taong Palimbag. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Offset</i> ng unang edisyong inilimbag sa Gante, Belhika, 1891.
Maynila: Comisión Nacional del Centenario de José Rizal, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLV5ngmvvRxEpqdtqt6bY0Voo6W1dl_KaIyzj_9zz4JXp4PMyaIxj7vgX5TThkd5d120GG97PiLddc4XNKCwXnktRCbiuja9SLBkkXyx0qXoqbG7cvorz5S6fKvT0G5lXn1-aVZ8zWucs/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Agoncillo, Teodoro A. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio</i>.
Maynila, 1963. </span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-81162377383075466712014-12-20T22:36:00.000-08:002015-12-16T22:40:42.133-08:00Walang Dagdag-Bawas sa Kumbensiyon sa Tejeros noong 1897<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAGANAP ang
kauna-unahang halalan para sa pambansang pamunuan ng mga Pilipino sa isang púlong
noong ika-22 ng Marso 1897 sa Brgy. Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite.
Ang púlong na iyon ay dinaluhan ng mga pinuno ng mga Katipunerong taga-Maynila
at taga-Cavite. Kilala na ito ngayon sa kasaysayan bilang ang <i>Kumbensiyon sa
Tejeros</i>. Sa púlong na iyon, nahalal ang mga sumusunod:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emilio Aguinaldo, <i>Pangulo<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mariano Trias, <i>Pangalawang
Pangulo<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artemio Ricarte, <i>Komandante
Heneral ng Hukbo<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emiliano Riego de Dios, <i>Direktor
ng Digmaan<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andres Bonifacio, <i>Direktor
ng Interyor<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa pagkapangulo, pinakamahigpit na magkalaban si Bonifacio, ang
Supremo ng Katipunan, at si Aguinaldo, ang heneral na kinikilala nang lider ng
nakararami sa mga Cavite</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ñ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">o
dahil sa mga tagumpay nito sa pakikipagdigma laban sa mga puwersang Espanyol
mula nang mag-umpisa ang himagsikan noong Agosto 1896. Ang kinauwian ng botohan
ay si Aguinaldo ang nahalal na kauna-unahang pangulo ng bansa. Samantalang
napunta kay Bonifacio ang isang di-kasinghalagang posisyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang naturang púlong ay pinangasiwaan mismo ni Bonifacio. Wala roon
si Aguinaldo, dahil ito ay nása Brgy. Pasong Santol, Imus, at naghahanda laban
sa paglusob ng mga hukbong Espanyol. Si Bonifacio at ang iba pang Manile</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ñ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ong Katipunero ay sinusuportahan
ng <i>Magdiwang</i>, ang sanggunian ng mga Katipunero sa Noveleta, Cavite. Nása
likuran naman ni Aguinaldo ang <i>Magdal</i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ó</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, ang sanggunian ng mga Katipunero sa
Kawit, Cavite.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nadungisan ang halalang ito, dahil sa iba’t ibang paratang na
lumitaw doon mismo sa halalang iyon. May dalawang paratang na hindi naman
naganap sa kumbensiyong iyon, subalit sa kalaunan ay lumabas na na naganap nga
iyon doon. Ang dalawang iyon ay ang mga sumusunod:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Una</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Bago raw naganap ang botohan, namudmod ang Magdalong si Daniel
Tirona at ang mga kasama nito ng mga papel na gagawing balota sa botohan. May
nakasulat na raw na pangalan sa mga papel na iyon—ang pangalan ni Aguinaldo.
Kayâ, nang tapos na ang bilangan ng mga boto, natural lámang na si Aguinaldo
ang mananalo. Dinaya raw si Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ikalawa</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Si Bonifacio raw ang nakakuha ng pangalawang pinakamaraming boto
sa pagkapangulo, sunod kay Aguinaldo; kayâ, nagpanukala si Severino de las
Alas, isang Madiwang, na si Bonifacio na ang ideklarang pangalawang pangulo.
Subalit dahil walang umayon o sumalungat sa mosyon ni de las Alas, ipinasya ni
Bonifacio na ituloy na ang halalan para sa pagkapangalawang pangulo, kung saan
muling natalo si Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang dalawang paratang na ito ay mga salaysay ni Heneral Artemio
Ricarte, na ginawa niya ilang taon matapos mangyari ang Kumbensiyon sa Tejeros.
Ang mga salaysay na ito ay nagbunsod sa ilan na magsabing noong araw pa raw,
uso na ang dagdag-bawas sa ating mga halalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ang mga
Tunay na Nangyari, ayon kay Bonifacio<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganoon ba talaga ang mga naganap sa Tejeros? May mga namudmod ng
mga balota bago ang halalan, nakasulat na ang pangalan ni Aguinaldo sa mga
balotang iyon, nagbotohan, nagbilangán ng mga boto, at may idineklarang panalo?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tunghayan natin ang mga sumusunod na bahagi ng liham ni Bonifacio
kay Emilio Jacinto na may petsang ika-24 ng Abril 1897 (sa orihinal na
pagkakasulat):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Sapagka’t ang karamihan sa Pulong na it</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ó</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ay minagaling na itay</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ô</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ang
isang Pamahalaan (Gobierno), bagama’t ipinauunaw</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">â</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ko na ito’y hindi mangyayari sapagka’t wala doon ang pinakakatawan
ng taga ibang hukuman at bukod pa sa ito’y ipinagsabi ko na mayroon n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> pinagkayarian sa Pulong na
ginawa sa bayan n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Imus; ang lahat ng ito’y
niwawalan kabuluhan n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
karamihan at di umano’y sa kagipitan tinatawid n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mga bayang ito’y ay wala n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">panahon ay makapag aantabay pa na dumating ang taga ibang bayan at
yaong Pulong na guinawa sa Imus ay wala rin kabuluhan sapagka’t di ko nagawa ng
Acta. Gayon ma’y akin ipinagsabi sa lahat na kaharap sa Pulong na yaon na kung
kalooban n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> m</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a taung bayan ang siyang masusunod na makapangyayari sa paghahalal
ng mga Pinuno ako’y sumasan</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ayon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“N</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gawin ang paghahalal ay
lumab</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">á</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">s na Presidente de la Rep</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ú</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">blica ay si M. Emilio
Aguinaldo, Vice Presidente ay si M. Mariano Trias, General en Jefe si M.
Artemio Ricarte, Director de guerra M. Emiliano R. de Dios. Ito’y isinigaw na
lamang sapagka’t gabi na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Gayondin naman isinigaw akong pinagkaisahan Director del Interior
na ipinag viva pa gaya n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
ibang nahalal; datapuwa’t n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
ito’y matapos na at sinimulan ang paghahalal n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Director de Hacienda si M. Daniel Tirona ay nagsabing may
sumisigaw na ihalal sa katungkulan Director del Interior si M. Jos</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">é </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">del Rosario; tuloy
ipinagsabi na ang katungkulan Director del Interior ay totoong mabigat at
kinakailangan ang isang marunong ang tungkulan nito, ito’y sinabi kapagkatapos
na ipagturing na hindi sa paghamak niya sa akin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ang kasagutan ko sa kanya ay sa lahat n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> katungkulan yaon ay kinakailangan ang taong marunong, datapuwa’t
sino ang wika ko sa nangagsilabas ang kanyang maituturong marunong? Gayon ma’y
sumigaw rin ng ganito: Isigaw ninyo anya Director del Interior Jose del
Rosario, Abogado! Wala rin sumusunod sa kanya hangan sa makaapat na ulitin
kundi mangilan ngilan at sigaw rin ay ako.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Sa kaguluhang it</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ó</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ang
Presidente n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Magdiwang ay ipinahayag na
yao’y hindi kapulungan n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> m</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a taong mahal, kaya’t sinabi
niya na walang kabuluhan ang doo’y m</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a
pinagusapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Bukod dito’y bago sinimulan ang paghahalal ay natuklasan ko ang m</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a panguupat n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ilan taga Imus na di
umano’y di nararapat na sila’y pamunuan ng taga ibang bayan. Kaya’t
ipinaghahalal na maging Presidente ay si Capitan Emilio. Kapagkarakang ito’y
nabatid ko ay akin sinabi rin na ang kapulungang iyon ay totoong marumi
sapagka’t gayon ang ipinamamarali ako’y inahihibo sa tawo at itinanong ko na
kung ibig nilang isa-isahin kong ituro n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">daliri ang gumagawa n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gayon
ay aking ituturo, ang karamiha’y sumagot ng huwag na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Sinabi ko rin naman na kapag hindi nasunod ang talagang k</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">á</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">looban nang bayan ay hindi
ako makakikilala sa kanino pa mang Pinuno lumabas at kapag di ako kumilala ay
di rin naman kikilalanin n</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> m</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ǧ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a tagarian sa atin. Ang
lumabas na general na si M. Artemio Ricarte ay isinigaw rin sa kapulungang yaon
na ang kanyang pagkahalal ay sa masamang paraan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ang
Pagkakasunod ng mga Pangyayari<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga sinabing ito ni Bonifacio ay isang pangunahing talâ at
saksi tungkol sa mga naganap sa halalang iyon. Makabubuti kung hihimayin ang
mga pagkakasunod ng mga pangyayari, ayon sa liham mismo ni Bonifacio:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Itinutulak ng karamihan o mayorya sa púlong na iyon ang
pagtatatag ng isang bagong pamahalaan na papalit sa Katipunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Tutol si Bonifacio sa bagay na iyon, subalit dinaig siya ng
mayorya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. Naitatag ang isang bagong pamahalaan—isang republika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. Naghalalan para sa mga pinuno ng bagong pamahalaang iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5. Ang paraan ng paghahalal ay idinaan na lámang sa pamamagitan ng
pagsigaw ng pangalan ng kandidato, dahil sumapit na ang gabi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6. Nahalal sina Aguinaldo, Trias, Ricarte, Riego de Dios, at Bonifacio
sa kani-kanilang posisyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7. Tinutulan ni Tirona ang pagkakahalal kay Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8. Nagkasagutan sina Bonifacio at Tirona.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9. Isinigaw ni Tirona ang pangalan ni Jose del Rosario bílang
Direktor ng Interyor nang apat na ulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10. Nanaig ang pasya ng nakararami na si Bonifacio ang ihalal;
iilan lámang ang sumigaw para kay del Rosario.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11. Dahil sa kaguluhang iyon, pinawalang-bisa ni Mariano Alvarez,
ang pangulo ng <i>Magdiwang</i>, ang mga napagkayarian sa pulong na iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12. Ipinaalam ni Bonifacio sa mga naroroon na marumi ang pulong na
iyon, dahil may mga táong nangangampanya laban sa kanya bago naganap ang
botohan. Tinanong niya ang mga delegado kung gustong nilang ituro niya kung
sino-sino ang mga táong iyon, subalit sinabi ng mga ito na huwag na.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">13. Ipinaalam pa ni Bonifacio na kung hindi masusunod ang tunay na
pasya ng bayan, hindi niya kikilalanin ang mga nahalal sa pulong na iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">14. Idinagdag naman ni Ricarte na ang pagkakahalal sa kanya ay sa
marumi ring paraan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Batay sa mga talâng ito, malinaw kung paano isinagawa ang halalan:
<i>pasigaw</i>. Katulad ito ng pasigaw na pagboto ng “oo” o “hindi” na ginagawa
sa mga batasan sa iba’t ibang bansa. Mga halimbawa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ang mga panig sa mosyon ay sumigaw ng OO!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ang mga hindi panig sa mosyon ay sumigaw ng HINDI!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganyan din ang nangyari sa halalan sa Tejeros. Pasigaw ang
pagboto, at walang anumang balota na sinulatan, binása, at binilang. Ang
pinakamalakas na pangalang isinisigaw ay ang siyang naihahalal. Ganito ang
paghahalal ng pangulo:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Isigaw na <i>Presidente</i> si Emilio Aguinaldo!” panukala ng
isang delegado.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Emilio Aguinaldo!” sagot ng mayorya. <i>“Viva!”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ganyan din ang paraan ng paghahalal ng pangalawang pangulo,
komandante heneral ng Hukbo, direktor ng digmaan, at direktor ng interyor. Sa
pagtutol ni Tirona sa pagkakahalal ni Bonifacio, ganito ang naganap na tagpo:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Ihalal na <i>Director del Interior </i>si Jose del Rosario,” sabi
ni Tirona. “Totoong mabigat na tungkulin ito, at dapat ay isang marunong ang
humawak nito. Ito’y hindi dahil sa paghamak ko sa inyo, Se</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ñ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">or Bonifacio.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Sa mga lumabas na nahalal,” sangga ni Bonifacio, “sino sa kanila
ang maituturo mong marunong?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Isigaw na <i>Director del Interior</i> si Jose del Rosario!
Abogado!” banat ni Tirona.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Jose del Rosario!” katig ng mangilan-ngilang delegado.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Andres Bonifacio!” giit ng mayorya. <i>“Viva!”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Malinaw ang ganoong sistema ng halalan sa Kumbensiyon sa Tejeros.
Kayâ, ang paratang ni Ricarte na nagkadayaan daw o nagkadagdag-bawas daw sa
pagbilang ng mga boto sa halalang iyon ay isang malaking kasinungalingan, dahil
wala nga ni isa mang balota na ginamit at binilang doon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Talasanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bonifacio, Andres, Liham kay Emilio Jacinto na may petsang ika-24
ng Abril 1897.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ricarte, Artemio, <i>Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte</i>,
Maynila: Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan, 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-14180483437535252022014-12-16T22:35:00.000-08:002015-12-16T22:36:05.055-08:00Kung Bakit Hindi si Bonifacio ang Unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MAY
mga nagpapanukala na iproklama si Andres Bonifacio bílang ang kauna-unahang
pangulo ng Pilipinas. Sa kasalukuyan kasi, si Emilio Aguinaldo ang kinikilála
na may hawak ng naturang titulo. Para sa mga nagsusulong ng bagay na ito,
panahon na upang ituwid ang isang malaking pagkakamali raw sa ating kasaysayan:
Hindi si Aguinaldo ang unang pangulo ng bansa, kundi si Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Bonifacio ang isa sa mga nagtatag ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kataastaasang
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nang
Manǧá Anak Nang Bayan</i> (KKKNMANB) o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Katipunan</i>.
Ang layunin ng samahang ito ay ang gapiin ang mga mananakop na Espanyol sa
pamamagitan ng isang madugong himagsikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
Katipunan ay isang pambansang samahan; hindi ito isang pamahalaan mismo.
Mayroon itong pamahalaan sa mga purok, bayan, at lungsod, at isang
kataastaasang pamahalaan, ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kataastaasang
Kapulungan</i>. Ang kataastaasang pamahalaan ang siyang pambansang pamahalaan
ng Katipunan. Ito ang naghahalal sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supremo</i>
o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pangulo</i>, ang pinakamataas na pinunò
ng Katipunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon
sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mga Pinagtatalunang Akta ng Katipunan</i>,
ang Katipunan ay itinatag sa Trozo, Maynila, noong ika-19 ng Hulyo 1892, at sa
hatinggabi nang araw ding iyon ay itinatag ang Kataastaasang Kapulungan ng Katipunan
at inihalal si Bonifacio bílang ang unang Supremo o Pangulo ng Katipunan.
Pinanghawakan ni Bonifacio ang posisyong iyon hanggang sa sumabog ang
himagsikan noong Agosto 1896.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon
naman kina Ladislaw Diwa, Aguedo del Rosario, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, at iba pang
personal na nakasáma ni Bonifacio, ang Katipunan ay itinatag sa Tondo, Maynila,
noong ika-7 ng Hulyo 1892, at ang unang Supremo nito ay si Deodato Arellano, na
nahalal sa posisyong iyon noong Oktubre 1892. Sumunod na Supremo si Roman Basa,
na nahalal noong Setyembre 1893. Itinanghal si Bonifacio bílang ang ikatlo at
huling Supremo sa mga halalan ng Kataastaasang Kapulungan noong Abril 1895 at
Agosto 1896.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Si
Aguinaldo naman ay nahalal na pangulo ng bansa nang ang mga pinunò ng Katipunan
mula sa Maynila at Cavite ay nagsagawa ng isang púlong sa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brgy. Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cavite, noong
ika-22 ng Marso 1897. Ang layunin ng púlong na iyon ay ang magtatag ng isang bágong
pambansang pamahalaan o republika na papalit sa Katipunan. Naitatag ang isang
republika, at ang nahalal ngang pangulo niyon ay si Aguinaldo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Muling
naluklok si Aguinaldo bílang pangulo ng bansa noong unang araw ng Nobyembre
1897 nang itatag sa Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan, ang bágong Republika ng
Pilipinas; noong ika-23 ng Hunyo 1898, nang itatag sa Kawit, Cavite, ang
Pamahalaang Rebolusyunaryo ng Pilipinas; at noong ika-23 ng Enero 1899 nang
itatag sa Malolos, Bulacan, ang panibagong Republika ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
mga batayan ng mga nagsusulong na gawing unang pangulo si Bonifacio ay ang mga
sumusunod:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.
Bago sumiklab ang himagsikan laban sa Espanya noong ika-30 ng Agosto 1896,
nagtatag sina Bonifacio ng isang pambansang pamahalaan o republika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.
Si Bonifacio ang nahalal na pangulo ng naturang republika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.
Ang pangalan ng naturang republika ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republika
ng Katagalugan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.
Si Aguinaldo ay isa sa mga heneral ni Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
mga batayang ito ay hinango sa isang ulat na nalathala sa pahayagang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilustracion</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Española y Americana</i> sa labas nito
noong ika-8 ng Pebrero 1897.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ayon
sa ulat, bago sumiklab ang himagsikan, ang mga manghihimagsik ay nagtatag ng
isang pamahalaan, na ang pangulo ay si Andres Bonifacio. Sinabi rin sa ulat na
ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generalissimo</i> o pinakapunòng
heneral ni Bonifacio ay si Aguinaldo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
ika-88 pahina ng naturang pahayagan, may larawan si Bonifacio na ang nakalagay
na kapsiyon ay: ANDRES BONIFACIO, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titulado
Presidente de la Republica Tagala</i> (Kinikilálang Pangulo ng Republikang
Tagalog).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa
labas din ng <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilustracion Española y Americana</i> noong ika-30 ng Marso 1897, sa
ika-203 pahina, may isang nalathalang larawan ng iba’t ibang selyo ng mga
manghihimagsik na nakumpiska ng mga may-kapangyarihang Espanyol. Ang isa sa mga
selyong iyon ay nagtataglay ng inskripsiyon na REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
kapsiyon ni Bonifacio at ang selyo ang pinakamatibay daw na mga ebidensiya na
mayroon ngang itinatag na republika sina Bonifacio, at ang pangalan ng
republikang iyon ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republika ng
Katagalugan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
mga nabanggit na batayan ng di-umano’y pagiging unang pangulo ni Bonifacio ay
hindi katanggap-tanggap, dahil:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.
Ang mga batayang iyon ay hindi nakasulat sa mga opisyal na dokumento ng
Katipunan at ng mga pamahalaan na itinatag ng mga Pilipino, kundi nakalimbag sa
isang pahayagan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang
pagiging pangulo ng isang tao ay dapat pinatutunayan ng mga opisyal na
dokumento ng pamahalaan na kanyang pinamumunuan, at hindi dapat ibatay sa isang
ulat o larawan sa pahayagan. Marami ang mga opisyal na dokumentong nilagdaan ni
Aguinaldo, at ang nakalagay na pamagat niya sa mga iyon ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pangulo</i> ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.
Papaano na kung ang may-akda ng naturang ulat sa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> La</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilustracion Española y
Americana</i> ay mali ang kanyang mga pinagbatayan, o di-kayâ’y mali ang
kanyang pananaw sa mga kasalukuyang pangyayari noon?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Halimbawa,
maaaring sa pananaw ng may-akda, ang Katipunan ay tinatawag na Republikang
Tagalog, dahil mga Tagalog ang naglunsad ng himagsikan, at nakatutok ang
himagsikan sa rehiyon ng mga Tagalog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maaaring
pananaw pa rin ng may-akda na dahil si Aguinaldo ang pinakatanyag na heneral ng
himagsikan nang mga panahong iyon (1896-97), si Aguinaldo na ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generalissimo</i> ni Bonifacio. Mali ang
pananaw na ito, dahil wala ni isang opisyal na dokumento na nagsasabing si
Aguinaldo ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generalissimo</i> ni
Bonifacio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.
Ang selyong may inskripsiyon na REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN ay hindi matiyak kung
pag-aari nina Bonifacio, at kung iyon nga ang pangalan ng pamahalaan na
kanilang itinatag bago sumiklab ang himagsikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Papaano
kung ang inskripsiyon na iyon ay inimbento lámang ng isang pangkat ng mga Mason
bílang pangalan ng kanilang lohiya? Ang mga Mason ay nakagawian nang bigyan ng
mga romantikong pangalan ang kani-kanilang lohiya. Ang REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN
ay maaaring isang romantikong pangalang panglohiya ng mga Mason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.
Ang unang tawag ni Bonifacio sa kanyang pamahalaan ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Katipunan</i>. Ang pangalang ito ang makikita sa mga dokumentong
nilagdaan niya. Wala siyang anumang dokumentong nilagdaan na ang nakalagay na
pangalan ng kanyang pamahalaan ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Republika
ng Katagalugan</i>. Kung gayon, hindi sina Bonifacio ang may-ari ng selyong may
inskripsiyon na REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.
Ang ikalawang tawag ni Bonifacio sa kanyang pamahalaan ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</i>. Ang Haring Bayang Katagalugan ay walang
iba kundi ang Katipunan pa rin. Ito rin ang pangalan ng kanyang pamahalaan na
nakalimbag sa iba pang mga dokumentong nilagdaan niya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.
Nang maganap ang púlong sa Tejeros noong Marso 1897, walang ipinagtanggol na
pambansang pamahalaan o republika si Bonifacio. Ang ipinagtanggol niya ay ang
Katipunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7.
Ang pamagat na ginamit ni Bonifacio sa buong panahon ng pamumuno niya ay una, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supremo</i> o <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pangulo nang Kataastaasang Kapulungan ng Katipunan</i>, at sa huli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pangulo nang Haring Bayang Katagalugan</i>.
Ginamit niya ang huli matapos siyang magapi sa halalan sa pagkapangulo ng bansa
na ginawa sa púlong sa Tejeros.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8.
Ang pamahalaang itinatag nina Bonifacio noong bago sumiklab ang himagsikan ay
isang bágong Kataastaasang Kapulungan ng Katipunan. Katulad din ito ng mga
nahalal na Kataastaasang Kapulungan noong Oktubre 1892, Setyembre 1893, at
Abril 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kung
palilitawin na ang Kataastaasang Kapulungan ng Katipunan ay ang pambansang
pamahalaan o republika ng Pilipinas, lilitaw na si Deodato Arellano (ang unang
Supremo ng Katipunan) ang siyang kauna-unahang pangulo ng bansa. Subalit hindi
nga rin ito katanggap-tanggap, dahil ang Kataastaasang Kapulungan ay ang
kataastaasang pamahalaan ng Katipunan. Hindi iyon ang pambansang pamahalaan o
republika ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dahil
sa mga argumentong ito, malinaw na si Bonifacio ay hindi kailanman naging
pangulo ng bansa. Naging pangulo siya ng Katipunan, hindi ng isang pambansang
pamahalaan o republika. Kayâ, taglay pa rin ni Aguinaldo ang pamagat na unang
pangulo ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Talasanggunian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minutes of the Katipunan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Maynila: National Historical Institute, 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Laws of the First Philippine Republic 1898-1899</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Maynila: National Historical Institute, 1994. Sulpicio
Guevarra, patnugot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Writings and Trial of Andres</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bonifacio</i>.
Maynila, 1963. Teodoro A. Agoncillo, patnugot. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-39951458269009037262013-11-16T01:48:00.000-08:002015-12-10T01:52:36.378-08:00Paghahanda sa mga Kalamidad—Gawin nang Lifestyle
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAGO sumapit ang Bagong Taon, namili ng
mga paputok at pailaw si Ernesto (di-tunay niyang pangalan), 37, may asawa at
mga anak, at taga-Bohol. Nakasanayan na niya ang mag-ingay tuwing sumasapit ang
Bagong Taon, upang maitaboy daw ang mga malas at upang maging masaya ang
kanyang pamilya sa susunod na taon. Bukod sa mga paputok at pailaw, gumugol din
siya para sa pam-Bagong Taóng salo-salo ng kanyang pamilya, mga kaanak, at
kaibigan. Ang halaga ng nagugol ni Ernesto ay maaari nang ipambili ng tatlong
sakong bigas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong ikatlong kaarawan naman ng bunsong
anak ni Miguel (di-tunay niyang pangalan), 26, may asawa at mga anak, at
taga-Leyte, gumugol din siya para sa isang masaganang handaan. Isang baboy at
sandosenang manok ang ipinakatay niya para sa handaang iyon. Umaapaw din ang
mga mamahaling inumin. Ang nagugol naman ni Miguel ay káya nang ipambili ng
pitong sakong bigas. Hindi mapalalampas ni Miguel ang kaarawan ng bawat isa sa
lima niyang anak. Kailangang ipagdiwang daw talaga iyon, dahil iyon ang araw na
iniluwal sila sa balát ng lupa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nang lumindol sa Bohol noong ika-15 ng
Oktubre ng taóng ito, kabílang si Ernesto at ang kanyang pamilya sa mga lubhang
napinsala. Nagiba ang kanilang tahanan, at wala silang makain sa loob ng ilang
araw. Dahil walang anumang tulong ang agad na nakararating sa kanila, nagtiyaga
si Ernesto na maghanap ng kanilang makakain. Ang mga kamoteng inani niya sa
kung kaninong taniman ang tanging naipakain niya sa nagugutom niyang pamilya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nang humataw naman ang bagyong Yolanda
sa Leyte noong ika-8 ng Nobyembre ng taon ding ito, kabílang din si Miguel at
ang kanyang pamilya sa mga napuruhan. Rumagasa ang tubig-dagat patungo sa
kanilang barangay. Mabuti na lámang at nakaligtas sila sa loob ng kanilang
bahay. Ilang araw din silang nagutom, dahil hindi agad makarating sa kanila ang
mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relief</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goods</i> (mga tulong na pagkain, damit, gamot, at gámit).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagyuhin
at Lindulin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang Pilipinas ay nakahimlay sa tinatawag
na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">typhoon belt</i> o daanan ng mga bagyo
sa silangang bahagi ng Asya; kayâ sa isang taon, umaabot sa 20 ang bagyong
dumaraan sa teritoryo nito. Nakahimlay din ito sa tinatawag na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacific Rim of Fire</i> o ang mala-singsing
na hanay sa Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga bulkan at malalaking bitak sa ilalim ng
lupa na siyang pinagmumulan ng mga lindol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dahil sa kinalalagyan nito,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ang ating bansa ay madalas bagyuhin at
lindulin. Kasabay ng mga bagyo at lindol ang pagguho ng mga lupa at gilid ng
bundok, at ang mga pagbaha. Ang mga sakunang ito ay pumipinsala ng maraming
búhay, ari-arian, at kabuhayan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Taon-taon na lámang, binabagyo táyo. At
anumang sandali ay maaari táyong lindulin. Malaki ang magagawa ng bawat isa sa
atin upang maiwasan ang higit na malaking pinsala at hinagpis kung may
kalamidad. Iyan ay kung ang paghahanda sa mga bagyo, lindol, at iba pang
kalamidad ay gagawin nating <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lifestyle</i>
o bahagi ng pamumuhay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mag-imbak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa unang araw pa lámang ng Bagong Taon,
simulan na natin ang pag-iimbak ng mga pagkain, tubig, gamot, at gámit na
kailangang-kailangan kung may kalamidad. Sa buong buwan ng Enero, sikapin
nating mabili ang mga sumusunod na maiimbak:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Kalahating sako ng bigas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Sampung kilo ng munggo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Limang súpot ng hibe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 100 litro ng sinalà na inuming tubig
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">purified water</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Tig-10 tableta ng gamot sa ubo,
sipon, sakít ng ulo, sinat, lagnat, trangkaso, pananakit ng kalamnan, at
pagdurumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Isang súpot ng benda sa sugat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Tigsampung kandila, kaha ng posporo,
at pansindi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lighter</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8. At tiglilimang sabong pampaligo, shampu,
sabong panlaba, at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toothpaste</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa susunod na buwan ng Pebrero, gawin
uli natin ito. Gayundin sa mga buwan ng Marso, Abril, Mayo, at Hunyo. Bumili
rin táyo ng isang de-bateryang radyo, 10 reserbang baterya ng radyo, at limang
dram na malalagyan ng tubig na pampaligo, panghugas, at panlinis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pagsapit ng kalagitnaan ng taon, kung
kailan nag-uumpisa na ang mga bagyo sa Pilipinas, ang bawat pamilyang Pilipino
ay dapat mayroon nang imbak na:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Tatlong sako ng bigas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. 60 kilo ng munggo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 30 súpot ng hibe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 600 litro ng inuming tubig.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Tig-60 tableta ng mga gamot sa ubo,
sipon, sakít ng ulo, sinat, lagnat, trangkaso, pananakit ng kalamnan, at
pagdurumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Limang súpot ng benda sa sugat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Tig-60 piraso ng mga kandila,
posporo, at pansindi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Tig-30 piraso ng sabong pampaligo, shampu,
sabong panlaba, at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toothpaste</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Isang de-bateryang radyo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10. Sampung reserbang baterya ng radyo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">11. At limang dram ng tubig na
pampaligo, panghugas, at panlinis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga imbak na ito ay káyang itaguyod
sa loob ng isa hanggang dalawang buwan ang isang pamilya na may limang kasapi. Kahit
pa sinalanta ang pamilyang ito ng isang bagyo o lindol, at kahit hindi agad
sila maambunan ng mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relief goods</i>,
hindi sila magugutom, dahil mayroon silang bigas na maisasaing, munggo na
maaaring ilaga at sahugan ng hibe, at tubig na maiinom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Agad din nilang malalapatan ng lunas ang
anumang sakít o sugat, dahil may imbak silang mga gamot at benda. Kung walang suplay
ng koryente, hindi sila mangangapa sa gabí, dahil mayroon silang mga kandila,
posporo, at pansindi. Hindi rin sila mawawalan ng balita, dahil mayroon silang
radyo. At hindi sila mahihirapang maligo, maghugas ng mga lutuan at
pinagkainan, at maglinis ng bahay, dahil mayroon silang dram-dram na imbak ng
tubig.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang makukuha nilang mga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relief goods</i>, sakaling dumating na ang
mga ito sa kanila, ay maaaring ipampalit sa mga nagámit nang imbak. Habang
napapalitan ang mga nagámit nang imbak, hindi mawawalan ng suplay ang isang
pamilya, at sa gayon ay hindi pa rin sila magugutom sakaling magtagal pa ang
krisis na idinulot ng kalamidad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Upang hindi naman mabulok ang mga imbak
habang wala pang kalamidad, maaaring palitan ang mga ito tuwing ikatlong buwan.
Halimbawa, ang mga imbak na pagkain na nabili sa buwan ng Enero ay maaaring
gámitin sa buwan ng Mayo. Subalit, bago gámitin ang mga iyon, dapat ay nabili
na ang mga imbak na pampalit sa mga gagámiting imbak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Huwag
Maging Palaasa sa Pamahalaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nakalulungkot ang mga sinasapit ng mga
kababayan natin tuwing may mga kalamidad. Wala silang mga imbak na pagkain,
tubig, gamot, at gámit. Úhaw, gútom, págod, sakít, at matitinding hinagpis ang
iniinda nila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang lagi na lámang sinisisi tuwing may
kalamidad ay ang pamahalaan, pambansa man o lokal. Hindi raw kasi agad
nasasaklolohan ang mga tao, at hindi raw agad nakararating ang mga tulong sa
kanila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung may mga kalamidad, hindi agad
maihahatid ang mga tulong sa mga tao ng pamahalaan, dahil una, maaaring
nagkabitak-bitak ang mga daan at bumagsak ang mga tulay, nangaghambalang sa mga
daan ang mga kalat na iwinasiwas ng bagyo, o kayâ’y may baha.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">At ikalawa, ang mga tagasaklolo (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rescuers</i>) ay sinasalanta rin ng mga
kalamidad. Dahil binaha, nilindol, o nasugatan din, hindi nila agad
magagampanan ang kanilang mga tungkulin bílang mga tagasaklolo. Bukod diyan,
may kanya-kanya rin silang mga pamilya at iba pang mga mahal sa búhay na
iintindihin at sasaklolohan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kayâ, tuwing may kalamidad, wasto ba ang
ugali na maging palaasa na lámang lagi ang mga mamamayan sa mga tulong ng
pamahalaan, pribadong sektor, at iba pang nagmamalasákit? Hindi po. Sa anumang
panahon, pinakamahusay pa rin kung marunong táyo na tumayo sa sariling mga paa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tungkulin pong talaga ng pamahalaan na
pangalagaan ang kapakanan at kaligtasan ng mga mamamayan, lalo na sa panahon ng
kagipitan. Subalit papaano nga kung ang mga tagasaklolo ng pamahalaan mismo ay
napipinsala rin? At papaano na kung hindi agad maihatid ang mga tulong ng
pamahalaan, dahil nga nawasak ang mga daan at tulay, o may baha?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat, laging handa ang bawat pamilyang
Pilipino. Kung nagagawa natin ang gumastos ng malalaking halaga tuwing
sumasapit ang Bagong Taon, ang kaarawan ng isang mahal sa búhay, at iba pang
okasyon, magagawa rin natin ang gumugol para sa mga imbak na pagkain, tubig,
gamot, at gámit na siyang unang maaasahan natin kung may kalamidad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Patibayin
ang mga Bahay at Gusali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Noong isang taon, dumaan sa Kabisayaan
ang isang malakas na bagyo. Inilipad ng bagyo ang mga bubong ng mga silid-aralan
sa isang pambayang paaralan. Ang naiwan lámang na nakatindig ay ang mga pader
ng mga iyon. Ipinaayos ng pamahalaan ang mga naturang silid-aralan. Ibinalik
ang mga bubong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nang sumunod na taon, muling dumaan ang
isang mabagsik na bagyo. Inilipad na naman ang mga bubong ng mga naturang
silid-aralan, at ang muling naiwan na nakatindig pa rin ay ang mga pader ng mga
iyon. Sa taóng ito, kinawawa ni Yolanda ang Kabisayaan, at sinapit na naman ng
mga naturang silid-aralan ang mga pinagdaanan na nito sa mga lumipas na bagyo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung paulit-ulit na lámang lagi ang
ginagawang pangangalbo ng mga bagyo sa mga silid-aralan, ang nararapat sa
ganyan ay gawin nang permanente ang solusyon. Hindi iyong ililipad ang mga
bubong, at ibabalik ang mga bubong. Tapos, kakalbuhin ulit ang mga bubong, at
ibabalik na naman ulit ang mga bubong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Patibayin na natin ang ating mga
paaralan at iba pang gusaling pambayan. Kapansin-pansin na ang naiiwan na
nakatindig pa rin sa mga sinasalantang silid-aralan ay ang mga pader ng mga
iyon na gawa sa bakal, bato, at semento. Matitibay kasi ang mga iyon. Kayâ,
gawing bakal, bato, at semento rin ang mga bubong ng mga silid-aralan. Ang
ganoong uri ng bubong ay maaari pang gawing sahig ng ikalawang palapag ng mga
silid-aralan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Patibayin din natin ang ating mga
tirahan. Kung maaari rin na gawing hanggang apat na palapag ang mga ito, upang
kung may mga baha, may mapagkakanlungan ang bawat pamilya. At sa ikatlo o
ikaapat na palapag dapat ilagay ang mga imbak na pagkain, tubig, gamot, at
gámit upang hindi agad mapinsala ang mga ito ng baha.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ang mga panukalang binabanggit sa
artikulong ito ay ilan lámang sa mga bagay na maaari nating gawin upang ang
paghahanda sa mga kalamidad ay maging bahagi na ng ating pamumuhay. Nawa,
ngayon pa lámang, pagkatapos matunghayan ang artikulong ito, umpisahan na natin
ang mga paghahanda. ●</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-82805318605409156202013-11-16T01:43:00.000-08:002015-12-10T01:53:20.510-08:00Pagtatanim at Pagmamanukan—Isang Lunas sa Kahirapan sa Kanayunan
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NANG kami ng aking pamilya ay nakatira
pa sa Northern Samar, sagana kami sa mga bungang-kahoy at gulay. Ang mga punòng
nagbubunga sa aming bakuran ay itinanim ng nanay ko nang dalaga pa siya; kayâ,
nang lumalaki na kaming magkakapatid, lagi kaming may mga napipitas at
nalalantakang bungang santol, abokado, pili, langka, guyabano, at mangga. Palagi
rin kaming magtanim sa aming bakuran ng mga gulay na ampalaya, sitaw, úpo,
kalabasa, talong, malunggay, saluyot, sayote, at lalo na ng kamote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung gusto naming magkakapatid na
magmeryenda, namimitas lámang kami ng mga bungang-kahoy, o kayâ’y nagbubungkal
ng mga ugat ng kamote at sakâ ilalaga ang mga iyon. Kung gusto naming mag-ulam
ng gulay, pinupupol lámang namin ang mga dahon ng kamote, malunggay, o
ampalaya, ginisa ang mga iyon, at sinasahugan ng alimango, hipon, o bagoong.
Lumaki kaming magkakapatid na hiyang na hiyang sa mga bungang-kahoy at gulay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nag-alaga rin kami minsan ng mga manok
at itik, na nakapagbigay sa amin ng mga itlog at karne. Isa ako sa mga tagapag-alaga
ng mga iyon. Subalit natigil ang pag-aalaga naming iyon, dahil abala ang nanay
ko sa pagiging guro at abala rin ang tatay ko sa pagiging pulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Isang dukhang lalawigan ang Northern
Samar—sa aming barangay ay wala pang mga linya ng koryente, telepono, at tubig
nang nakatira pa kami roon hanggang noong taóng 1982—subalit hindi kami
kailanman nawalan ng makakain na bungang-kahoy at gulay. Hindi kami kailanman
nagutom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nang lumipat na kami sa Kamaynilaan
noong 1982, naibhan kaming magkakapatid, dahil hindi na kami makapagtanim ng
mga bungang-kahoy at gulay. Sa Kamaynilaan kasi, halos sementado na ang bawat
bakuran at lansangan. At mahal ang mga bungang-kahoy at gulay dito, samantalang
libre lámang sa aming lalawigan ang mga iyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sa mga nayon at lalawigan sa ngayon,
marami pa ang mga espasyong maaaring tamnan at pag-alagaan ng mga manok, itik,
o pabo. Kayâ, naiinis ako tuwing makakikita ng mga programa sa telebisyon na
inilalarawan ang matitinding karukhaan daw sa mga kanayunan. Umaangal ang mga
taganayon, dahil mahihirap daw sila. At ang may kasalanan daw sa ganoong
kalagayan nila ay ang mga táong-gobyerno. Kung hindi raw talamak ang
pangungurakot sa pamahalaan, at kung hindi raw sila pinababayaan ng pamahalaan,
hindi raw sila magugutom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nakaiinis ang ganyang katwiran, dahil
nakikita namang malalawak ang kani-kanilang mga bakuran. Napakarami ng mga
espasyo na maaaring pagtamnan ng mga punòng nagbubunga at mga gulay, o kayâ ay
pag-alagaan ng mga manok, itik, o pabo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakit hindi subukin ng mga taganayon ang
magtanim? Ang malunggay ay maaaring magsimula sa isang maliit na sanga na
itutundos lámang sa lupa. Pagkaraan ng tatlong buwan, malusog na iyon.
Pagkaraan ng isang taon, mayabong na iyon at ang mga dahon ay maigugulay na.
Ang mga patapong tangkay ng kamote ay ibinabaon lámang sa lupa, at pagkaraan ng
ilang linggo, ang mga talbos niyon ay mayabong na at maigugulay na rin. Kahit
sa mga pasô o timba lámang, maaari nang magtanim ng mga gulay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakit hindi rin subukin ng mga taganayon
ang mag-alaga ng mga manok, itik, o pabo? Mga katutubong uri ng ganitong mga ibon
ang alagaan nila, dahil hindi mahirap palakihin. Gawan lámang ng kulungan at
bigyan ng mga patuka at inumin, kusang lalakí ang mga ibong ito at sa kalaunan
ay magbibigay na ng itlog at karne.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kung walang pambili ng mga pananim o
alagaing sisiw ang mga taganayon, diyan na dapat pumasok ang tulong ng
pamahalaan. Bigyan ng mga lokal na pamahalaan ang mga taganayon ng mga libre o
pautang na pananim, alagaing sisiw, at kulungan at patuka sa mga sisiw. Magsagawa
rin ang mga lokal na pamahalaan sa mga bara-barangay ng mga libreng
seminar-pagsasanay sa wastong pagtatanim at sa wastong pagpapalaki ng mga
alagaing sisiw.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Matapos mabigyan ang mga taganayon ng
mga binhing pananim, alagaing sisiw, kulungan at patuka sa mga sisiw, at mga pagsasanay,
masusubok na kung sino talaga ang nais magbanat ng buto at mabúhay nang labas
sa karukhaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hindi naman kasi wasto ang katwiran na
ang pamahalaan at mga politiko na lámang lagi ang may kasalanan at ang siyang
dapat sisihin sa isyu ng karukhaan sa ating bayan. Kasi kung tama ang katwirang
ito, aba, ang mga susunod na uupô sa Malakanyang, Kongreso, lokal na
pamahalaan, barangay, at iba pang puwesto sa pamahalaan, kahit hindi pa nakauupô
sa mga puwestong iyon, ay makasalanan na at dapat nang sisihin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Magkakaroon táyo ng halalan para sa
pangulo ng bansa sa taóng 2086. Ang mahahalal na pangulo sa taóng iyon ay hindi
pa isinisilang sa taóng kasalukuyan (2013). Kung wasto ang katwiran na ang
pamahalaan at mga politiko ang laging may kasalanan at dapat sisihin, aba, ang
magiging pangulo ng ating bansa sa taóng 2086 ay hindi pa isinisilang sa
ngayon, subalit makasalanan na siya at dapat nang sisihin. Wasto po ba ang
katwirang iyan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hindi ko naman sinasabing ang pagtatanim
at pagmamanukan ang siya nang nag-iisang lunas sa karukhaan sa mga kanayunan.
Subalit ang kaunlaran at pag-ige ng búhay ay nagsisimula sa bawat isa. Hindi po
ito nagsisimula sa mga politiko, sa halalan, at sa pamahalaan. Kung iaasa na
lámang lagi sa mga politiko, halalan, at pamahalaan ang bawat bagay, hindi
lubusang uunlad ang ating bansa, at patuloy na mababaon sa karukhaan ang marami
sa atin. Gayong naririyan at abot-kamay lámang naman ang isang mainam na lunas
sa mabigat na suliraning iyan. ●</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-52591313567728727202013-10-21T07:34:00.002-07:002013-10-21T07:34:31.122-07:00Ang Posibleng Pinagmulan ng Salitang Pinoy
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i>
ang palayaw ng Pilipino. Dahil sa palayaw na ito, napabílang ang mga
Pilipino sa iilang lahi sa mundo na may palayaw. Ang iba pang mga panlahing
palayaw ay ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brit</i> ng mga Brites, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indon</i> ng mga Indones, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jap</i> ng mga Hapones, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pole</i> ng mga Polandes, at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yankee</i>
ng mga Amerikano.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Saan ba nanggaling ang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i>? Bakit ito ang naging palayaw ng
Pilipino?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang mga mananakop na Espanyol ang
nagbigay ng mga kolektibo o pangkalahatang pangalan sa mga katutubo ng
Pilipinas: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nativo</i> (katutubo), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">indio</i> (taga-Silangan), at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipino</i> (taga-Pilipinas). Hindi nila
kailanman tinawag na Pinoy ang mga katutubo ng Pilipinas.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nagkaroon lámang ng salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i> noong panahon ng pananakop ng
Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas (1898-1946). Nang mga panahong iyon, maraming Pilipino ang
nakararating sa Estados Unidos bílang mga estudyante at manggagawa. Nang nása
Amerika na ang mga Pilipinong iyon, likas lámang na magtanong ang mga Amerikano
kung sino ang mga dayo na iyon. Ang naging sagot ng mga nakaaalam sa tanong
nila ay:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">They
are Filipinos</i> (mga Pilipino sila).”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ang baybay ng salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i> ay halos katulad ng baybay ng
salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Illinois</i>. Ang Illinois ay
isang estado sa Estados Unidos. Ang bigkas nito ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IH-luh-NOY</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nang dumaragsa ang mga Pilipino sa
Amerika, noon lámang nalaman ng karamihan sa mga Amerikanong nakakikita sa
kanila na may mga mamamayan pala na kung tawagin ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>. At dahil hindi nila lubusang kilala ang mga ito, hindi
nila alam ang wastong bigkas ng salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>.
Ang akala nila, ang bigkas niyon ay katulad ng bigkas ng Illinois. Kayâ, ang bigkas
nila sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i> ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fi-li-pi-noy</i>. Sa kalaunan, umikli iyon
sa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pi-noy</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Iyan marahil ang pinagmulan ng salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sa ngayon, palasak na ang paggamit ng
salitang Pinoy, lalo na sa larangan ng medya. Sa halos lahat ng mga bagay na
may kinalaman at tumutukoy sa mga Pilipino, ang salitang ipinantatapat ay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i>: musikang Pinoy, kulturang Pinoy,
pagkaing Pinoy, kasuotang Pinoy, ugaling Pinoy, mga kababayang Pinoy.
Nakalulungkot ito, dahil tila nawawalan tayo ng wastong identidad. Tayong mga
katutubo ng Pilipinas ay mga Pilipino, hindi Pinoy.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lalong nakalulungkot ito, kung
mapatutunayan na ang pinagmulan nga ng salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pinoy</i> ay ang maling bigkas ng mga Amerikano sa salitang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filipinos</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-34612116256823973202013-09-14T20:56:00.006-07:002013-09-18T08:29:22.134-07:00Your country is called the Philippines, but why are you—its people—called Filipinos?<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>It’s because the original
official name of our country was in Spanish—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">las Islas Filipinas</b>, and from it did come our name as a people—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span>The
Spaniards ruled our country from 1565 until 1898, and it was they who called it
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">las Islas Filipinas</b>, which meant
“islands of Felipe.” They named it after Prince Felipe, who became king of
Spain from 1556 to 1598. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Las Islas
Filipinas</b> was sometimes shortened to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">las
Filipinas</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinas</b>. And the
Spaniards called the inhabitants of the Philippines <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nativos</b> (natives), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indios</b>
(Easterners), and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span>When
the United States ruled our country from 1898 until 1946, they translated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">las Islas Filipinas</b> into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the Philippine Islands</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">las Filipinas</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinas</b> into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
Philippines</b>. But they offered no new translation for the name of its
natives—the Filipinos. Thus, in English, our country was called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the Philippine Islands</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the Philippines</b>, and we its people were
called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span>When
we became independent from the United States in 1946, the Philippine Islands
officially became, in English, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republic
of the Philippines</b> or simply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
Philippines</b>. And we its people retained the name of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipinos</b>, in English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span>But
in our national language, called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Filipino</b>,
our country’s name is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pilipinas</b>, and
we its people are called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pilipino</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span>For
more, please visit: <a href="http://jonroyeca.blogspot.com/2012/11/sino-ang-mga-orihinal-na-pilipino.html"><span style="color: blue;">Sino
Ang Mga Orihinal Na Pilipino?</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</span>Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2314175218899104169.post-81480225225595019982013-04-02T22:21:00.003-07:002015-12-16T21:51:57.096-08:00Ang Sinaunang Pilipinas (a book in-progress and looking for a sponsor)As a student of Philippine history, my area of concentration is on ancient history of the Philippines.<br />
<br />
I have a book-in-progress on ancient Philippines, temporarily titled <strong><em>Ang Sinaunang Pilipinas </em></strong>(Ancient Philippines). Written in the Filipino language, half of it is already done and has been published in the weekly <em>Liwayway </em>magazine from August 2012 to February 2013.<br />
<br />
Right now, I am looking for a sponsor who would finance the remaining research for the book. I am in dire need of money for the research.<br />
<br />
Anyone interested may send me a message.<br />
<br />
Below are some of the published parts of the book:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Jon E. Royecahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10446746856016039318noreply@blogger.com